預表法的倍加
Doubling Up on Typology
作者：Barry York 誠之譯自：
https://gentlereformation.com/2021/03/01/double-typology/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/03/barry-york/
 
隨著我們對聖經的理解不斷加深，我們認識到上帝在舊約聖經中使用了預表法（typology）來預示新約聖經中的事件或人物，特別是基督和祂的救贖。
As we grow in our understanding of the Scriptures, we recognize that God uses typology in the Old Testament to foreshadow events or persons in the New Testament, particularly Christ and His salvation.
 
麥基洗德這個影兒般的人物被稱為基督我們的君王和祭司的樣式（來七15）。
The shadowy character of Melchizedek is called a likeness of Christ as our king and priest (Heb. 7:15).
 
亞伯拉罕只差一步就將以撒獻為祭物，然而他的兒子卻從祭壇上安然無恙地站立起來，這是在描繪聖父在十字架上獻上祂兒子，並使祂從死裏復活（來十一19）。
Abraham's near sacrifice of Isaac and his son rising up unharmed from the altar pictured the Father offering His Son at the cross and raising Him from the dead (Heb. 11:19).
 
透過摩西解救以色列人脫離埃及為奴之家，就象徵了基督把我們從罪的捆綁中拯救出來。這樣的預表方法持續不斷地進行著。
The deliverance of Israel through Moses from Egypt's bondage typifies our deliverance by Christ from our bondage to sin. On and on the typologies roll.
 
然而，就其本質而言，這些預表法是不完整的。作為預言性的象徵，舊約的預表（type）永遠達不到新約實體（antitype）的地位。簡單地說，麥基洗德、以撒和摩西都不是耶穌，頂多能描繪我們救主的某些方面。
Yet by their very nature, typologies are incomplete. As prophetic symbols, the type can never achieve the status of the antitype. Simply put, Melchizedek, Isaac, and Moses are not Jesus, but simply pictorial aspects of our Savior.
 
因此，上帝的靈有時會把一些預表串聯起來，好賜給我們更豐富的圖景，描繪出在基督裏的救贖。我們可以把這些預表法稱為雙重預表，或雙倍預表。我們可以從一些不同方面看到這些雙重預表。
For this reason, then, the Spirit of God sometimes strings together typologies to give even richer imagery of our salvation in Christ. We could refer to these as double, or dual, typologies. We can see these double types in a variety of ways.
 
例如，在亞伯拉罕獻以撒為祭的故事裏，故事所描繪的神格裏的位格不只是聖子基督而已。以撒當然是在描繪主耶穌，但亞伯拉罕也預示出天父將祂的兒子送上髑髏地十字架的計劃和工作。上帝賜給亞伯拉罕一隻公羊，讓他獻上，亞伯拉罕作為回應，將那個地方命名為YHWH-jireh（耶和華伊勒，「耶和華必預備」，見創廿二14），就凸顯了這個真理。這座山就是後來被稱為「髑髏地」的地方，這幅榮耀的圖畫就這樣具體活現出來。
For instance, in the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham, Christ is not the only person of the Godhead represented in the story. Certainly Isaac pictures the Lord, but Abraham also prefigures the plan and work of the Father in sending His Son to Calvary's cross. This truth is highlighted by God giving a ram to Abraham to offer instead, and Abraham in response named that site YHWH-jireh ("the Lord will provide"). That this mountain was the very place that became know as Calvary solidifies this glorious picture.
 
有時，基督的形象是由兩個彼此相關的人物來描繪的。摩西帶領以色列人抵達應許之地，但由於他的罪，上帝不允許他帶領以色列民進入那地。他死後，被上帝埋葬了。但後來他的繼任者約書亞興起，征服了那地，是因為上帝與他同在（書一8-9）。這兩個人物共同描繪了在基督裏臨到我們身上的救贖和勝利。摩西在新約中被確認為是一個預表（來三1-6），約書亞名字的意思是「耶和華拯救」，而耶穌的名字則是它的希臘文版本，這些都有助於為我們進一步把這個圖景串聯在一起。
Sometimes the person of Christ is pictured by two related figures. Moses led Israel to the Promised Land, but because of his sin he was not allowed to take them into the land. He died and was buried by God. But then his predecessor Joshua rose up and conquered the land as the presence of God was with him (Josh. 1:8-9). These two personages together picture the deliverance and victory that come to us in Christ. That Moses is confirmed to be a type in the New Testament (Heb. 3:1-6), and that Joshua's name means "The Lord saves" of which  Jesus' name is the Greek version of it, help connect further this imagery for us.
 
基督的工作也可以用這種雙重強調的方式來想像，有時非常簡單。例如，在贖罪日，兩隻山羊被帶到大祭司面前（利十六6-10）。大祭司為這兩隻山羊撚鬮，一隻被認為是獻贖罪祭的山羊，另一只是替罪羊。在為兩隻山羊認罪之後，第一隻山羊被殺，獻在耶和華面前，而第二隻山羊則被打發到曠野去了。正如畢哲思（Jerry Bridges）所解釋的那樣：
The work of Christ can also be pictured with this double emphasis, sometimes very simply so. For example, on the Day of Atonement two goats were brought before the high priest (Lev. 16:6-10). He cast lots for the goats, and one was deemed the goat for a sin offering and the other the scapegoat. After sins were confessed over both of them, the first goat was slain and offered before the Lord, whereas the second was sent off into the wilderness. As Jerry Bridges explains,
 
第一隻山羊代表基督的贖罪工作，因為它被殺了，它的血灑在施恩座上。第二隻山羊代表基督的贖罪工作，除去或抹去了我們身上的罪惡。
The first goat represented Christ’s work of propitiation as it was killed and its blood sprinkled on the mercy seat. The second goat represented Christ’s work of expiation in removing or blotting out the sins that were against us.
 
換句話說，前一隻山羊代表主把我們從罪的刑罰中救贖出來；後一隻山羊則代表主是如何從我們的生命中除去罪的存在。
In other words, the former goat represents the Lord redeeming us from the penalty of sin; the latter goat on how the Lord is removing the presence of sin from our lives.
 
如果我們祈求一付由聖靈特別強化的眼睛，就會看到這些雙重預表在聖經中是很常見的，例如該隱和亞伯，大衛和歌利亞，還有會幕和聖殿，這份清單還可以繼續列下去。這些成雙成對的人物或角色，都在同步教導著我們，主為我們成就的事。就像一道雙彩虹，它們都彰顯出祂的榮耀。
If we pray for the Spirit-enhanced eyes to see it, these dual typologies are pretty common in the Scriptures. Cain and Abel. David and Goliath. The tabernacle and the temple. The list could go on. These paired personalities or figures all teach us in tandem what the Lord has done for us. Like a double rainbow, they magnify His glory.
 
Barry York
生來是罪人，卻靠恩典得救。米利暗的丈夫，為特權而感恩。六個孩子的父親，有上帝的祝福。RPTS校長，以感恩之心服事。Hitting the Marks 一書作者。