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2019-01-31


基督裏的自由Freedom in Christ

作者: G.I. Williamson 譯者: Maria Marta

「唯獨上帝是良心的主 ,在信仰或敬拜的事上,人不受一切與聖經相離或相悖之人的道理與吩咐約束,所以如果有人違逆良心去相信人的道理,聽從人的吩咐,就是出賣良心的真自由;若有人勉強別人接受不明確的信仰,要人絕對盲從,就是毀滅良心的自由,也是毀滅理性 。」

凡以基督徒自由為藉口、去犯任何罪或放縱邪情私慾的人 正是破壞基督徒自由的宗旨。基督徒自由的宗旨,就是我們既從仇敵手中被救出,就可以終身在祂面前,坦然無懼地用聖潔、 公義事奉祂。(《威敏斯特信仰告白》二十章23)

這兩段信仰告白教導我們
(1)唯獨上帝是良心的主。(2)上帝的話是唯一的準則。(3)在敬拜的事上違背或添加在上帝說話之上的人的道理與吩咐,沒有權柄約束人的良心。(4)容許良心如此受約束就是: a.b.出賣良心的真自由c.否認唯獨上帝是獨一的主。(5) 基督徒的自由必須與反律法主義 (意思是「犯罪的自由」) 區分開來。

宗教改革有一項榮耀的福祉,我們的先輩們曾為之付出所有。正是這一真理,  在聖經中的教導是如此的清晰, 卻在背道的羅馬天主教中完全隱蔽。惟有眾多烈士流出鮮血,才将它恢復。蘇格蘭聖約長老會「絕不向任何人交出耶穌基督的王權」的堅定決心值得後人銘記於心。他們重拾使徒教會的精神, 因為在面對那些試圖強迫他們相信或做與基督說話相悖之事的人時, 他們的回答是:「順從神不順從人,是應當的。」(徒五29)

我們切勿忘記,宗教改革遠不止只是脫離教皇權力、羅馬天主教的錯謬而已。畢竟,它不是一場對抗某事的爭戰,而是一場見證基督榮耀的爭戰,  而且是在生命的所有領域作出這種見證。例如,世上有些國王並非完全不高興看到羅馬天主教的權力結構被興起的改革宗基督教削弱。但有時同樣是這些國王決計親自掌管教會。當他們恍然大悟,  原來改革宗基督徒決意只承認基督是「教會的元首」時,他們就實施恐怖迫害。我們的信仰告白的作者所遭受的許多逼迫都是這些國王施行的。感謝上帝,他們堅持聖經的偉大真理,堅持至關重要的原則,最終這些暴君自己也難逃厄運。唯獨上帝是教會和良心的主。我們是用「重價買來的」,決不能作「人的奴仆」(林前七23)

今天,對積累自這一原則的寶貴遺產,我們幾乎認為它們的存在是理所當然的。政教分離就是一個例子,我們的意思是指不受人的強迫,相信和實踐自己的信仰的自由,人常說此原則在諸如我們這樣的國家中總受到尊重。但相反,我們相信國家對教育的控制日益威脅到此原則。一種虛假的、反基督教的生活哲學,如果不是在理論上的,至少也在實踐說話的方式上,強加給那些在這個國家公立學校系統中的執教者。也許這一天可能會到來:那些執教者必須受苦,  才能說話,表現得好像上帝在萬事上擁有主權似的。

但是,讓我們更詳細思考與我們仍在討論的原則相悖的常見規條,這些規條出現在許多更正教教會,  甚至那些認信威敏斯特信仰告白的教會! 這樣的教會習慣制定一些具體規條,當為義務強加給教會成員,從而約束良心。

這些規條有兩類:  (1) 有些規條違背上帝的話。違背上帝說話的規條的例子是禁戒,要求戒絕使用某種物質。摩門教禁喝咖啡。其他某些教派禁食肉類。坦白說,類似的禁忌多不勝數,時間所限就不一一列舉。然而,任何例子都不能證明這樣的禁戒是上帝所要求的。原因是「凡物本來沒有不潔淨」 (羅十四14)。「一切都是潔凈的」 (十四20新譯本)。如果凡物沒有不潔凈,那麼禁戒某些東西的規條就不合法。如果一切都是潔凈的,那麼人就能無所懼怕地使用一切。

誠然,人一旦容許他的良心受這樣 (錯誤的)規條約束,他就不可能遵守禁戒規條而不犯罪。我們已經說明如何以及為何如此 (第十六章)。「人認為是不潔的,對他來說那東西就成為不潔了.... 對他來說,這就是惡事了....因為他不是出於信心; 凡不是出於信心的,都是罪。」 (羅十四1420, 23)  做我們認為是錯的事,從來都是不對的,即使我們沒有充分的理由相信某事必定是錯的。但是,即使一個人忠心順從他的良心,嚴格遵守禁戒物質的規條,他仍然是有罪的。他的罪就是容許上帝以外的人將規條強加於他的良心。

對此,有人反對說,如果沒有這些規條 (禁止或至少限制物質的自由使用),惟一可能的後果將是「徹底放縱」。要麼是完全禁戒,要麼是必然、不可避免的惡意濫用。我們已經證明這是一個錯誤的期望。我們已經證明真自由和邪惡放縱之間的分別(第二十章1)。這裏我們只會說,對這樣的異議固執己見是對上帝聖靈的極大侮辱。因為這種異議無異於說,人為的規條比住在他裏面的聖靈更能使基督徒遠離罪。說聖靈不能引導基督徒自由使用祂未曾禁止的物質,就是要愚蠢地改變上帝。

(2) 第二類就是那些如果不違背,至少也是添加在上帝說話之上的規條。例如,我們提到許多強加於羅馬天主教教會成員的規條。毫無疑問,許多這些規條違背上帝的話,即使不違背上帝的話,也常常是聖經之外的添加。我們在羅馬天主教教理中讀到,「教會的主要誡命或規條」有如下六條: a. 主日及當守的法定慶節應參與彌撒;  b. 在法定日子禁食和禁欲。c. 應至少每年一次告明你的罪 ; d. 在逾越慶節時領受聖餐; e.應支援教會的需要 f. 遵守教會關於婚姻的規條。

我們相信我們不能證明在羅馬天主教會的法定日禁食是違背聖經的。當然,基督徒應該承認自己的罪(唯獨藉著基督向上帝承認)。在羅馬天主教會假定為「逾越節」(Easter)的主日領受聖餐 (若正確施行) 是非常恰當的。盡管以適當的方式,自願做這些事情並非有錯,但容許良心受束縛,按羅馬天主教會的法定方式和時間來做這些事情是錯誤的。

讓我們引用另一個例子:浸信會堅持浸禮(全身浸入水中)的受洗方式。浸禮式與上帝的話並無抵觸。但受洗只限於浸禮式的要求,就是在上帝的說話上添加規條。允許良心受這樣的規條約束是錯誤的,盡管浸禮式本身並非錯誤。

據說,「教皇在每個人的心中」。我們都會受試探認為,如果我們管好基督徒的良心,我們就能改善我們的同伴。同樣,我們都傾向於想象,在行使我們所珍視的自由方面,我們比別人做得更好得多。我們會約束別人,而放松對自己的約束。但聖經的要求相反:善待他人,謹慎行使我們的自由。我們應該給予兄弟善意的信任。我們應該尊重別人勝過尊重自己。即使我們的兄弟似乎濫用他的自由,我們也當存溫柔的心,謹慎自守,勸戒他。同時,我們也應警惕濫用我們自己的自由,注意切莫把它當作放縱肉體的機會,而是要謹慎行事,莫讓軟弱的兄弟因我們行使自由而絆倒。

有人聲稱,如上所述這種自由教義將導致犯罪。我們在討論放縱時已駁斥這種觀點。在此,我們希望強調一個事實:與一般看法相反,這一教義 (正確理解) 確實顯示上帝的律法全面涵蓋人生的領域。不是因為改革宗信仰有興趣消除聖潔與責任,才拒絕一切違背或附加於上帝說話之上的規條。反而,它這樣做恰恰因為它認識基督徒的責任:無論吃喝什麼,做什麼------所做一切都是為了上帝的榮耀。當人的責任從上帝的原則削減到人的規條時,它就是偽造的,因為它被削減了。古時法利賽人倍增規條,試圖使其範圍覆蓋整個人生,但他們甚至還沒接近基督的聖潔,基督棄絕他們的規條,讚同上帝的律法(可七1-13)。有些人無法想象十誡涵蓋一切,而且沒有謬誤與瑕疵,但是這樣的事情(人無法想象)確實常常發生的。

保羅說,當心意更新而變化時(藉著聖靈內在施行律法的工作),信徒個人就能察驗何為上帝的旨意 (羅十二2)。保羅說他將知道何為上帝的「善良、純全、可喜悅的旨意」(不含人設立的規條)。我們相信,這段文字的詳細解釋顯明下述意思:

 (1) 透過對十誡的了解,信徒將知道何事是好的。例如,他知道彈鋼琴是好的,原因很簡單,任何一條十誡都沒禁止彈鋼琴。「我們知道律法原是好的」 ( 提前一8);   因此,凡是符合或不違反十誡的事都是好的。因此,彈鋼琴的行為,就其本身而言,是好的。

 (2) 基督徒也必須考量做特定事所在的情況。好事並非總是合宜的(無論何種情況下都是如此)。呼求耶和華的名是好的。但必須在合宜的時間內作 (林後六3)。人呼求上帝,只有呼求得太遲,才不蒙應允。再以彈鋼琴為例,可以還是不可以彈鋼琴,要根據時間、地點等情況來決定。父親不許孩子彈鋼琴,孩子彈鋼琴是不對的。任何時候在有「脫衣舞」表演的商場裏彈鋼琴都是不妥的。

(3)最後,作事/行動務必具有正確的意圖或動機。這就是使徒所指的上帝純全的旨意的意思。我們再次以彈鋼琴為例。可以想象,一個人在適當的情況下做這件好事,但卻違反了十誡中的一條或多條。假設其目的是為了獲取個人聲譽和財富,而非為了事奉上帝。假設人彈鋼琴只是為了賺錢,而非為了事奉上帝。這就不對了,不是因為彈鋼琴是罪,而是因為將彈鋼琴視為人生的主要目的,或者僅僅把它作為賺錢的手段,而不是為了榮耀上帝。

事實上,若信徒正確遵守上帝的律法,就必證明上帝的律法比人的規條要求要高得多,也嚴格得多。但最重要的是,這樣的信徒將從古老法利賽人的毀滅中保存下來,法利賽人認為他們是律法的遵守者,實際上他們只遵守了幾條相對容易的規條而已。人制定的規條欺騙心靈,因為它削減基督徒對上帝的責任的廣度和深度。因此,如果沒有其他理由,我們應該堅決拒絕它們。

本文摘自《The Westminster Confession of Faith for Study Classespp.194-200by G. I. Williamson

Freedom in Christ

By G. I. Williamson

Westminster Confession of Faith
Chapter XX sections 2, 3

2. God alone is lord of the conscience, and hath left it free from the doctrines and commandments of men which are in any thing contrary to his word, or beside it, in matters of faith or worship. So that to believe such doctrines, or to obey such commandments out of conscience, is to betray true liberty of conscience: and the requiring of an implicit faith, and an absolute and blind obedience, is to destroy liberty of conscience, and reason also.

3.         They who, upon pretence of Christian liberty, do practice any sin, or cherish any lust, do thereby destroy the end of Christian liberty; which is, that, being delivered out of the hands of our enemies, we might serve the Lord without fear, in holiness and righteousness before him, all the days of our life.

These sections of the Confession teach us (1) that God alone has legitimate authority over the conscience, (2) that his Word alone is the rule thereof, (3) that the doctrines and commandments of men which are either contrary to or additional to God’s Word have no authority to bind the conscience, (4) that to permit the conscience to be bound by such is sin, betrayal of true liberty of conscience, and a denial that God alone is one’s Lord, and (5) that Christian liberty must be distinguished from antinomianism (which means, “freedom to sin”).

Here stands one of the glorious benefits of the Reformation for which our fathers gave their all. It was this truth, so clearly taught in Scripture, that was wholly eclipsed in the apostasy of the Roman Church. It was recovered only by the blood of many martyrs. The strong determination of covenanting Presbyterians in Scotland who would surrender to no man the crown rights of Jesus Christ is to be remembered reverently. They recaptured the spirit of the Apostolic Church as they answered those who tried to coerce them to believe or to do what was contrary to the Word of Christ: “We ought to obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29). We must not forget that the Reformation was much more than mere separation from the authority of the Pope and the errors of Rome. It was not, after all, a struggle against something so much as a glorious witness for Christ. It was a witness made in every sphere of life. For example, there were kings on earth who were not wholly unhappy to see the structure of Roman Catholic power weakened by the rise of Reformed Christianity. Yet sometimes these same kings determined to “take charge” of the Church themselves. When it dawned on them that Reformed Christians meant to acknowledge none but Christ as “king and head of the Church,” they were capable of terrible persecution. Much of the suffering endured by the authors of our Confession came at the hand of such kings. But thanks be to God, they stood by the grand truth of Scripture, and by that mighty principle such tyrants were themselves doomed. God alone is Lord in the Church and in the conscience. We are “bought with a price” and must not be “the servants of men” (I Cor. 7:23).

Today we almost take for granted the precious legacy which has accrued from this principle. The separation of Church and State, by which we mean the liberty to believe and to practice one’s faith without coercion by men, is an example. We are not saying that this principle is always respected in a nation such as our own. Indeed, we believe that the state control of education increasingly threatens this very principle. A false and anti-Christian philosophy of life, in practical utterance if not in theory, is being forced upon those who teach in the public school system of this nation. And the day may come when those who teach will have to suffer in order to speak and to act as if God were sovereign in all things.

But let us give more detailed consideration to a very common violation of the principle under consideration found in many Protestant churches and even in those that claim this Confession! In such churches it is customary to make certain specific rules which are imposed upon members of the church as a matter of duty, thus binding the conscience. These rules are of two kinds: (1) some are contrary to the Word of God. Examples of rules which are contrary to the Word of God are prohibitions requiring total abstinence from the use of certain material things. The Mormon religion forbids the use of coffee. Other sects forbid the use of meat. And truly, time would fail to mention all such forbidden things for the number is legion. However, in not one case is it possible to show that such abstinence is required by God. This is impossible because “there is nothing unclean of itself” (Rom. 14:14). “All things indeed are pure” (14:20). If nothing is unclean, then no such rule forbidding the use of something can be legitimate. If all things indeed are pure, then all things may indeed be used by men without fear of conscience. It is true, of course, that once a person has allowed his conscience to be bound by such a (false) rule, he cannot partake of the forbidden thing without sinning. We have already shown how and why this is so (Ch. XVI). “To him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to him it is unclean . . . it is evil for that man . . . because [it is] not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin” (Rom. 14:14, 20, 23). It is never right to do what we believe to be wrong, even when we believe a thing to be wrong without good reason. But even if a person faithfully obeys his conscience and scrupulously observes a rule forbidding the use of a material thing, he is still guilty of sin. He is guilty of the sin of allowing someone other than God to impose a rule upon his conscience. To this it is objected that without such rules (forbidding, or at least restricting, the free use of material things) the only possible result will be “all-out intemperance.” It is either total abstinence or there is unavoidable certainty of wicked abuse. We have already shown the difference between true liberty and sinful license (XX, 1). We have shown that this is a false expectation. We shall only say here that it is extremely dishonoring to the Spirit of God to maintain such an objection. For this objection is tantamount to saying that a man-made rule will keep a Christian from sin better than the Holy Spirit who dwells in him. To say that the Holy Spirit cannot guide the Christian in the free use of material things which he has not forbidden is to charge God foolishly.

(2) The second class of rules, are those that are, if not contrary, then at least additional to the Word of God. As an example we might mention many of the rules imposed upon members of the Roman Catholic Church. No doubt many of these rules are contrary to the Word of God, but even those that are not are often additions to the Bible. “The chief commandments or laws of the Church,” we read in the Roman Catechism, “are these six: (1) to assist at Mass on all Sundays and holydays of obligation, (2) to fast and to abstain on the days appointed, (3) to confess our sins at least once a year, (4) to receive Holy Communion during the Easter time, (5) to contribute to the support of the Church, and (6) to observe the laws of the Church concerning marriage.” We do not think that it could be proved contrary to the Bible to fast on those days which happen to be appointed by the Roman Church. Certainly the Christian ought to confess his sins (to God through Christ alone). And it would be perfectly proper to receive Holy Communion (if it were rightly administered) on that Lord’s Day which Rome presumes to call “Easter.” But though it is not wrong to do these things voluntarily, in a proper manner, it is wrong to permit the conscience to be bound to do them in the manner and at the time designated by Rome. Let us cite another example: the Baptist churches insist upon immersion as the form of baptism. It is not contrary to the Word of God to baptize by immersion. But it is an addition to the Word of God to require that baptism be by immersion only. And to permit the conscience to be bound by such a rule is wrong even though immersion itself is not.

It has been said that there is “a pope in every man’s heart.” We are all tempted to think that we could improve our fellow Christians if we had charge of their conscience. We are likewise all liable to imagine that we are doing much better than others in the use of our cherished liberty. We would restrict others and relax strictures against ourselves. But the Scripture requires the reverse: charity towards others, and carefulness in the use of our own liberty. We ought to give our brother the benefit of any doubt. We should esteem others better than ourselves. And even where it appears that our brother has abused his liberty, we should correct in meekness taking heed to ourselves. Meanwhile, we should guard against the abuse of our own liberty, taking heed that we do not make it an occasion of the flesh, and exercising care that we do not cause a weaker brother to stumble by the exercise of our liberty.

It is alleged that such a doctrine of liberty as that set forth above will lead to sin. We have already refuted this in our discussion of license. However, we wish here to emphasize the fact that contrary to common impression, it is this doctrine (rightly understood) which really shows the full scope of God’s laws in man’s life. It is not because the Reformed Faith is interested in eliminating holiness and duty that it rejects all rules contrary or additional to the Word of God. It is rather precisely because it recognizes that it is the Christian’s duty—whether he eats, or drinks, or whatsoever he may do—to do all to the glory of God. When man’s duty is reduced from divine principles to human rules, it is falsified because it is reduced. The Pharisees of old multiplied rules in an effort to cover the whole of life, but they did not even come close to the holiness of Christ, who rejected their rules in favor of the law of God (Mark 7:1-13). Some people cannot imagine that the Ten Commandments cover everything and that they do so without error or defect, but this is the case nonetheless.

Paul says that when the mind is transformed and renewed (by the inward operation of the law applied by the Holy Spirit), the individual believer will be able to prove what the will of God is (Rom. 12:2). He says that he will know (without man-made rules) what is “good, and acceptable, and perfect.” We believe that a careful exegesis of this text will show that the meaning is as follows: (1) By the knowledge of the Ten Commandments, a believer will know that which is good. For example, he will know that playing the piano is good, for the simple reason that it is not forbidden by any one of the Ten Commandments. “We know that the law is good” (I Tim. 1:8) ; therefore, that which is in accordance with or not contrary to one of the Ten Commandments is good. The act of playing the piano, considered in itself, is therefore good. (2) The Christian must also consider the circumstances under which a particular thing is done. A good thing is not always acceptable under the circumstances. It is good to call upon the name of the Lord. But it must be done in an acceptable time (II Cor. 6:2). Men who call upon the Lord only when it is too late will not be heard. So again, as an example, playing the piano may, or may not, be acceptable according to such circumstances as time and place. It would be wrong to play the piano when one’s father has forbidden it. It would be wrong to play the piano at a “striptease” emporium. (3) Finally, it is necessary that an act be done with the right intent or motive. This is what the apostle means by the perfect will of God. Again we will take as an example the act of playing the piano. It is conceivable that a person would do this good thing under proper circumstances and yet violate one or more of the Ten Commandments. Suppose that the purpose was to gain personal fame and fortune rather than to serve God. Suppose that one played the piano only to make money and not to serve God. Then it would be wrong, not because it is a sin to play the piano, but because it is a sin to make it the chief end of one’s life, or even to do it only as a means of making money without seeking to glorify him.

The truth is that when the law of God is rightly observed by a believer, it will prove much more demanding and will be much more stringent than the rules of men. But above all, such a man will be preserved from the age-old ruin of the Pharisees who thought that they were keepers of the law when they were really only keeping a few relatively easy rules. The making of rules by men deceives the heart because it reduces the breadth and depth of the Christian’s duty to God. For this reason, if for no other, we should steadfastly reject them.

Author

Born at Des Moines, Iowa in 1925, G. I. Williamson graduated from Drake University, Des Moines, in 1949, and received the B.D. degree from Pittsburgh-Xenia theological Seminary in 1952. For eight years he served as a home missionary oof the Orthodox Presbyterian Church in Fall river, Massachusetts and pastored the Auckland congregation of the Reformed Churches of New Zealand.



2018-01-08

聖誕節合乎聖經嗎?IsChristmas Scriptural?

作者G. I. Williamson《基督教要道初階》的作者OPC牧師
譯者駱鴻銘

我要感謝OPC的基督徒教育委員會仍然忠於OPC的傳統尊重一些深植於長老會和改革宗歷史的少數觀點。因此,我利用這個特權,表達我對聖誕節這個主題的意見。
I want to thank the Committee on Christian Education for remaining faithful to the Orthodox Presbyterian tradition of respecting minority views that are firmly rooted in Presbyterian and Reformed history. I therefore gladly avail myself of the privilege to express myself on the subject of Christmas.

今天很少有人會明白曾經有一段時候聖誕節通常被視為是缺乏聖經根據的。但是請聆聽戴倫(Idzerd Van Dellen)和孟思瑪(Martin Monsma)在《教會章程解說》(Zondervan, 1941)裏所作的詳細聲明。在「改革宗關於特殊節日的原始立場」這個標題下他們在第273頁中說到
It is seldom understood today that there was a time when such days as Christmas were generally regarded as lacking any warrant from Scripture. But listen to the careful statement of Idzerd Van Dellen and Martin Monsma in The Church Order Commentary (Zondervan, 1941). Under the heading of "The Original Position of the Reformed Churches regarding Special Days," they say this on page 273:

宗教改革的早期一些改革宗地區只守主日。羅馬教會所規定和尊敬的特殊節日都被棄置。慈運理和加爾文都鼓勵人拒絕羅馬教會的一切節期。當宗教改革在日內瓦站穩腳步後,一切特殊的節日在那個城市裏就不再繼續了。加爾文到達日內瓦之前,這件事已經在法銳勒(Farel)和富瑞(Viret)的領導下完成了,而加爾文滿心同意這個決定。蘇格蘭的改教家諾克斯與他們懷抱相同的信念他在日內瓦是加爾文的學生因此蘇格蘭教會也禁止羅馬教會的神聖節期。」
"During the early days of the Reformation some Reformed localities observed only Sunday. All special days sanctioned and revered by Rome were set aside. Zwingli and Calvin both encouraged the rejection of all ecclesiastical festive days. In Geneva all special days were discontinued as soon as the Reformation took a firm hold in that city. Already before the arrival of Calvin in Geneva this had been accomplished under the leadership of Farel and Viret. But Calvin agreed heartily. And Knox, the Reformer of Scotland, shared these same convictions, he being a disciple of Calvin in Geneva. Consequently the Scottish Churches also banned the Roman sacred days."

基督對聖誕節的看法
Christ on Christmas

我相信這個看法是完全合乎聖經的也合乎改革宗的信仰認信。我是基於以下的理由這樣說的
It is my conviction that this view alone is fully consistent with Scripture and the Reformed Confessions. I say this for the following reasons:

1. 當耶穌差遣祂的使徒出去時祂命令他們要遵守祂所吩咐的一切太廿八20。祂並沒有授權給他們可以添加或刪減祂所吩咐過的。我相信他們忠心地完成了耶穌所吩咐他們要做的。
1. When Jesus sent his apostles forth, he commanded them to teach converts to observe all things that he had commanded (Matt. 28:20). He did not authorize them to add to or to take from what he had commanded. And I believe that they faithfully did what Jesus told them to do.

2. 從使徒的著作中我們很明顯可以看到在使徒建立的教會裏沒有聖誕節這樣的節日。他們不慶祝聖誕節單純是為了這個理由即這不是耶穌吩咐他們該做的事。
2. It is quite evident from the apostolic writings that there was no such day as Christmas in the apostolic churches. They did not have it for the simple reason that this was not one of the things that Jesus had commanded.

3. 因此這個問題可以歸結到這點使徒的教導和做法是否足以建立起基督親自授權給祂教會的習慣現代教會很明顯會說不夠。但是像慈運理、諾克斯、加爾文這樣的人會說:是的。我相信這些人是對的。
3. The question, therefore, comes down to this: were the teachings and practices of the apostles sufficient to establish the practices that Christ himself authorized for his churches? The modern church quite obviously says no. But men such as Zwingli, Knox, and Calvin said yes. I believe these men were right.

聖誕節帶來的傷害
The Detriments of Christmas

我也相信改革宗教會大肆歸回這個終究屬於羅馬教會的發明和傳統的節日對教會來說是絕對沒有真正好處的。人們以為這對教會有好處。但是未必真是如此。我在這裏只想提一項重要的考量。甚至連我們自己的《大使命出版社》(Great Commission Publications)所出版的主日學教材,也受到一般被稱為「教會行事曆」的主宰。這意味著每一年,在主日學教材的循環中,花了超出合理限度的時間,用來重覆講述基督降生的故事。我盼望沒有任何一位讀者,有一剎那會認為我是在漠視基督的童貞女降生。不是的,絕對不是。我當然希望聖經在馬太福音和路加福音裏的記載獲得適當的強調。但是當救贖歷史的一小部分,不成比例地被放大,超過了聖經本身對它的強調時,這就不是正當的強調了。然而這正是所發生的事。
It is also my conviction that the widespread return of the Reformed churches to what is, after all, a Romish invention and tradition, is not in any way truly beneficial to the church. People think it is. But that does not make it so. And here I only want to mention one important consideration. Sunday school material even such as is produced by our own Great Commission Publications suffers under the dominion of what is commonly called "the church calendar." This means that every year, in the cycle of materials, an inordinate amount of time is spent repeating the story of Christ's birth. I hope no reader thinks for one moment that I discount the importance of the virgin birth of Christ. No, not at all. I certainly want the scriptural accounts in Matthew and Luke to receive due emphasis. But it is not due emphasis when a small portion of the history of salvation is magnified all out of proportion to the emphasis it receives in the Bible itself. Yet that is what has happened.

這是我的盼望儘管我大概活不到那個時候可以看見就是主會再次差來一個比祂在十六世紀差來的更大的宗教改革。我相信,到那個時候,教會必定會從一個完全是人為的傳統中再次被解放出來。
It is my hope, though I will probably not live to see it, that the Lord will send a new and even greater Reformation than the one he sent in the sixteenth century. When that happens, I believe, the church will again be emancipated from what is, after all, nothing more than a man-made tradition.

私下的慶祝
Private Celebrations

現在再容我補充一個重要的警告。我不認為最嚴格的改教家曾經質疑個人有權利偶爾以敬虔的方式隨自己的選擇來慶祝基督的降生。我當然不會質疑這個權利。如果你們要交換禮物,或誦讀路加福音第二章,或者在十二月25日當天唱「平安夜」,我完全不會與你們爭辯。我所要求於你們的回報是,當我與上述的偉大改教家站在同一個立場上的時候,你們不會和我爭吵。我所質疑的不是你們從基督徒的自由而來的個人權利,而是教會以團體的資格來決定,是否在一個宗派或教會的層面上,每年指定一個日期來紀念基督的降生的權利。
And now let me add one important caveat. I do not think that the strictest Reformer ever questioned the right of an individual to celebrate the birth of Christ at a time and in a godly manner of his own choosing. I certainly do not question this right. If you want to exchange gifts, or read Luke 2, or sing "Silent Night" on December 25, then I have no quarrel with you at all. What I ask in return is that you will not quarrel with me when I stand with the great Reformers mentioned above. What I question is not your personal right of Christian liberty, but the right of the church in its corporate capacity whether on a denominational or congregational level to designate an annual date to commemorate the birth of Christ.

既然沒有人確切知道基督究竟是在一年中的哪一天降生的上帝也刻意不告訴我們究竟是哪一天就沒有人有這個權利發明一個日子來代替上帝所沒有賜下的。當然,羅馬教皇宣稱有這樣的權力,這就是十二月25日被分別出來時所發生的。但是對我和我家來說,我們無法用正當的良心順服這種人為強加的負擔。
Since no one knows the day of the year on which Christ was born, and God has deliberately not told us the day, no one has the right to invent a date to substitute for what God has not given. The popes of Rome, of course, have claimed this authority that s how it came about that December 25 was set aside. But as for me and my house, we cannot in good conscience submit to such man-made impositions.


2017-06-23

摘录自《基督教要道初阶》 The Shorter Catechism -- First Steps in Christian Doctrine,  魏廉森(G. I. Williamson)著/黄汉森等译/赵中辉编,台北改革宗翻译社出版,标题另加。

目录

第二十课
91问:圣礼怎样有救人的效力?
92问:圣礼是什么?
93问:新约的圣礼有几个?

第二十一课
94问:洗礼是什么?
95问:谁当受洗礼?

第二十二课
96问:主的晚餐是什么?
97问:为要按理领受主的晚餐必须怎样?


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第二十课

91问:圣礼怎样有救人的效力?

答:圣礼有救人的效力,不是因为圣礼本身有能力,也不是因为行礼的人有能力,乃惟独藉基督所赐的恩典,和圣灵在那些以信领受的人心中所作的工作。

92问:圣礼是什么?

答:圣礼是基督所设立的仪式,用具体之物将基督和新约的益处向信徒表明,印证,而运用在他们心里。

93问:新约的圣礼有几个?

答:新约的圣礼有两个,就是洗礼和主的晚餐。

①林前三7:可见栽种的算不得是什么,浇灌的也算不得什么,只在那叫他生长的神。

②彼前三21:这水所表明的洗礼,现在藉着耶稣基督复活,也拯救了你们,这洗礼本不在乎除掉肉身的污秽,只求在神面前有无亏的良心。

③林前十一26:你们每逢吃这饼,喝这杯,是表明主的死,直等到祂来。

④罗四11:并且他受割礼的记号,作他未受割礼的时候因信称义的见证。

⑤太二八19:所以你们要去,使万民作我的门徒,奉父子圣灵的名,给他们施洗。

⑥林前十一23:我当日传给你们,原是从主领受的,就是主耶稣被卖的那一夜,拿起饼来。

罗马天主教教会教导七种圣礼,这七种圣礼是(1)洗礼(2)坚信礼(3)赎罪(办告解)(4)婚礼(5)圣餐礼(6)圣职之任命(7)膏油。改革宗教会反对此七项中之五项,其他两项则以一个更圣经化的方式来施行。他们认为只有洗礼及圣餐才是圣礼,为什么会有此结论呢?正如赫治博士(Dr.Hodge)指出的,原因有数个。首先,一定要是从基督颁布的命令而来的才可以称之为圣礼。其次,一定是有记号的(即是:外在有可见的表现,而内在有无形的神作工的恩典)。第三、我们从圣经可以见到这仪式是永久性的(即是说基督吩咐祂的教会纪念祂,直等到祂来)。最后,这圣礼的仪式是一项保证以坚定那些领受者的信心,因为洗礼及圣餐符合这些标准,故此可被称为圣礼,至于其他天主教的礼仪及仪式则不能算是圣礼,因为未能符合圣经的标准。

罗马天主教教会另一个主要的错误是关乎圣礼的效用问题,他们认为倘若要神透过圣礼而在人心施恩典,则必须有以下二件事:首先,圣礼一定要循着一个正规的形式,其次,是要有正确的动机方可施行。如果圣礼以按照天主教的形式,及应有的动机下施行的,那么神的运行必在其中。如此说来,圣礼本身就包含了神的能力。我们反对这个说法原因如下:只有神知道人心(来四12),若果圣礼的效用在乎施行的牧师之心里状况,那我们就永不能肯定我们是否得着神的祝福,“耶稣从起头就知道谁不信他,谁要卖他”(约六64),而“其实不是耶稣亲自施洗,乃是他的门徒施洗”(约四2),且其中一个门徒是犹大,主却从没有说过犹大的施洗没有效用,圣经常警戒我们要省察自己(林前十一2030),并清楚教导我们圣礼的果效是在乎我们的动机,而不是施行者之动机。当然,教会是须要按照正确规式去施行圣礼,尽可能以圣经的规例去执行,但不是说可以抹杀神的权能——祂是随己意透过这些圣礼作工的。

圣礼是记号也是印证,要明白这点,首先要知道圣礼的本质记号是什么?简单来说是一幅图画,或是一个符号,是一些我们不能见到的事物的表征,从图一之事例可以了解,这里我们有一个路标,其上有一个符号代表在山后面有一些东西,而驾车的人目前是看不见的,这幅图画是要告诉司机这个情况,司机则可以知道一些仍未见到的事情,即是说这图画是一件未见之事的真实表记,圣礼的作用也是同样道理。圣礼给我们看见神恩典工作的图画,其分别是:圣礼是活动的图画(或活动符号)(我们将会在下两章讨论洗礼及圣餐是代表什么,在此我们只强调这些都是记号而已)

图二是解释记号之意义,这是一个中学毕业证书,其上有学校的官式印记,这代表什么呢?这是代表大头的毕业(他成功地完成了课业的要求)是真确的,是由正式权威所证明及肯定的,若有人怀疑他是否毕业,他只须要拿这证书给他看便可以。圣礼也是这个道理,圣礼证明信徒从基督所领受的恩惠是确切真实的。(故此,一个未信者领圣餐是吃喝他自己的审判,他无权运用一个官式记号而他却使用了。)

要理问答提到圣礼是“感觉性”的,这不是说圣礼有感觉(对于未信者,圣礼根本无感觉),这个字在此有另一个意思:即指圣礼提供五种感受——视觉、听觉、情绪、味觉及嗅觉,既然神所造的人是兼具肉体及与灵性的人,祂所设立的圣礼也是透过肉身的方式把属灵的祝福赐给我们。因此,我们所接受的福音,就是以不同形式被宣讲的同一福音。有些人说圣礼是一种可见的讲道,圣礼代表同样的真理,只是以不同形式表达罢了。因此,伟大的改革家约翰加尔文(John Calvin)反对使用肖像及画像,他说“对我来说不去接受主藉祂的话奉为圣经的那些自然和具有表达力的洗礼及圣餐,而接受任何其他的肖像图片,是太不值得!(要义第一册,第11)

最后要想的一点是,圣礼不单是外表的工具而已,圣礼之所以成为圣礼是由于它的外表仪式与内在恩典有一个神圣的关系,正如图一提醒我们,一个记号的意义是由于它和山后的东西有关连,圣礼也是一样。在神的指定下,外表的及可感觉的与内在的、灵里的是有关连的,圣礼若正确地执行,则永不会是无意义及空洞的,反之是无意义的;一个人来领受圣餐是会得到祝福或咒诅的,若记号被移去(如图一记号在十字路口移开),这记号变成空洞的,再不是一个真实的符号,就好象一个人企图自我施洗或独自在家领受圣餐一样,圣礼若与教会分割则不再是圣礼,因为他从圣经及神的子民分隔了,在下二章我们会再研究多一点。

问题:

1、罗马天主教有多少圣礼,请列明。
2、改革宗有多少圣礼,请列明。
3、请写出两三个改革宗认为一种圣礼该有的标准。
4、罗马天主教认为在圣礼恩典中作工的过程中,哪两件事是必须的,请指出其错误之处。
5、“圣礼乃是记号”是什么意思?
6、什么是印证?
7、要理问答中“感觉性的”这字句的意思是什么?
8、为什么加尔文反对使用基督的图像画片?
9、为什么一个人不能自己施洗或独自领圣餐礼?
10、如何以图一来解释这件事?
11、为什么在领受一个正确施行的圣礼时,不可能逃避祝福或审判,二者必有一?



第二十一课

94问:洗礼是什么?

答:洗礼是奉父子圣灵的名,用水一洗,表明且印证我们与基督的连属,可以承受恩约的益处,并且自己应许作属主的人。

95问:谁当受洗礼?

答:有形教会以外的人,必须等他们信了基督,又应许顺从基督,方可受洗,只是有形教会内信徒的婴孩都当受洗礼。

①太廿八19:你们要去,使万民作我的门徒,奉父子圣灵的名,给他们施洗。

②加三27:你们受洗归入基督的,都是披戴基督了。罗六4:所以我们藉着洗礼归入死,和祂一同埋葬,原是叫我们一举一动有新生的样式,象基督藉着父的荣耀,从死里复活一样。

③徒八3637:二人正往前走,到了有水的地方,太监说,看哪,这里有水,我受洗有什么妨碍呢?腓利说,你若是一心相信,就可以。他回答说,我信耶稣基督是神的儿子。

④徒二39:因为这应许是给你们和你们的儿女,并一切在远方的人,就是主我们神所召来的(参创十七10;西二11;林前七14)

浸信会人士支持洗礼必须令受洗的人全身浸入水中。要理问答却只要求:以水作洗礼即可,用少量的水(例如洒水或浇水)抑或用多量的水(全身浸入)均无大碍。根据下列的理由,我们可以说要理问答是对的:(1)圣经中关于洗礼的记载,没有一次可用作浸礼的证据。我们不能说,圣经的记载证明浸礼从未被用过。事实上可能浸礼曾被用过,但也可能未被用过。圣经中没有一个例子证明它(浸礼)曾被用过。因此我们可以下一个结论:神没有命定洗礼必需用浸礼。(2)圣经中有不以浸礼为洗礼形式的例子。以下就是一例:林前十2保罗说以色列人(摩西时代)都“受洗”。在林前十1他说他们“都从海里经过”。然而从出十四2228我们发觉没有一个以色列人是被水所浸的,反而是埃及人被水所浸。因此我们发现,埃及人受浸礼而非洗礼,而以色列人受洗礼而非浸礼。由此我们可以证明,洗礼未必一定是浸礼。(3)最后一个理由,我们发觉圣灵的洗礼是由“浇灌”的方式(徒一58;二17)。圣灵浇灌在门徒身上。他们并非浸入圣灵中。这点是非常重要的,因为用水的洗礼和圣灵的洗礼常相提并论(太三11)。若果那更大的洗礼是以浇灌的方式,那么那较小的洗礼怎么不可也以浇灌的方式?

浸信会人士同时又坚持洗礼只可施于能公开表白信仰的成人。他们认为婴孩不能接受洗礼,因为婴孩没有知罪悔改的的经验,而洗礼是这种经验的一个记号。我们应如何回答这问题?我们的答复是:圣经教导的中心是恩典之约,这约称为永远的约(创十七7;来十三20)。亦即是说,有一个救恩计划在历史中,同时也有一个教会在诸世代中(就是那些相信神应许的神的子民)。外表虽然有改变,但这约本身并没有改变。使这约付诸实现的方式虽有异,但这约本身并不会改变。让我们阐释如下:

一个永远的约

旧约的形式
 新约的形式

割礼——创十七7
 洗礼——徒二39(加二29)

施行一次
 施行一次

对象为信徒及其儿女
 对象为信徒及其儿女

预表以血洁净的方式
 预表以无血形式洁净罪

逾越节——出十二43

(十二317)
 主的晚餐——林前五7

(十一2334)

施行一次
 常常施行

对象为成人的信徒
 对象为成人的信徒

预表以血的形式
 预表以无血的形式

信心的教导
信心的教导

神曾经向亚伯拉罕发出应许,祂应许亚伯拉罕将成为万国之父。祂应许世界的救主将从他的后裔而出,祂也应许必成为他及他子孙的神。这是一个永远的约(创十七7)。新约并不出此之外。加拉太书三1617清楚告诉我们,神和亚伯拉罕所立的约,是不能废掉的。事实上,假若我们真正信主,我们也被称为亚伯拉罕的后裔(加三29)。由此我们可见,恩典之约并没有改变,只是施行的方式改变了。因为基督为我们的罪死了,我们不再需要流血或献祭。因此,洗礼代替了割礼,主的晚餐代替了逾越节。当我们了解这伟大的真理后,我们就不难理解何以新约没有关于婴孩洗礼的明确教导。原因就是:关于神已清楚命定的事情,不须噜嗦再谈了。从起初神就将婴孩和信主的父母放在一起,也就是说,从起初神就命定孩子和他信主的父母一同接受恩约的记号与印证。因为这事实并没有改变(只是记号与印证的形式改变了),故此没有关于婴孩接受恩约的明确训示。假若浸信会人士问:“神在哪里将婴孩也放在教会中?”我们会回答:“请问在哪里神将这些信徒的子女驱逐出去?

我们都知道,新约教会中关于婴孩浸洗的证据只是间接的证据。以下是一些例子。林前七14保罗称那些被生在至少有父母是基督徒的家庭里的婴孩为圣洁的。“圣洁”一词,在新约中常用以答呼成年基督徒(通常译为圣徒)。保罗称这些婴孩为圣徒,故此我们可说,他们也受过洗礼。再者,保罗写信给以弗所教会时,称呼受信人为“在以弗所的圣徒”(弗一1),而在第六章他明显地对孩童说话(弗六14),从此可见保罗将孩童视为教会的一份子。

然而最重要的事情是去了解洗礼的意义。要理问答称它为“印证我们与基督有连属,可以承受恩约的益处”。这表明好象水一样洗净我们身体的污秽,使它清洁,成为一个不可见的更新的外在表记。它以记录作见证,正如福音以文字作见证。这表明洗礼成为我们在以前各课所学习的真理的记号。我们更学习——救赎应用的次序。在罪中完全死去的罪人,被重生、改宗(藉悔改和信心)、称义、得儿子名分,成圣(最后得荣)。藉着这些“步骤”,人与基督连合,并藉着基督与神连合。藉着重生、改宗、称义、得儿子名分,我们与基督连合。我们发觉这Ordo Saoutis(有关救赎应用的规律)的各步骤中,正如洗礼,是只此一次的。没有一个人重生二次,也没有一个人改宗、称义、得儿子名分二次。这也可说成人只一次被救赎出死入生,出亚当而入基督。因此洗礼对每一个人而言也只施行一次而已。因为它是一件只发生一次的事情的记录(可见的代表)。同时,洗礼也是一个印证。它证明、见证神已完成的工作。我们对此强调,因为我们认为它非常重要。有些人反对婴孩洗礼的理由是当婴孩接受洗礼的时候,它自己还不明究理。(这是千真万确的,亚伯拉罕的儿子以撒在出生后八日受割礼时也是如此)。但这会致洗礼成为一项更加有意思的事情。它是一个印证,而非人的能力,是神的权能和信实。一个婴孩受洗时,它不知道是什么事。但,若干年之后,神将会呼召他到自己身旁,那时祂将藉圣灵的能力重生他,使他有能力悔改、相信。祂又使他称义,并收纳他为儿子。这时,若这人清楚知道发生的是什么事,他会知道只有神是配受赞美的。他会谦卑而诚实的说:“神完成一切,我完全无能!”他会回忆他的婴孩洗礼,并说:“是的,我现在知道——我知道这圣礼将神的信实和怜悯说出来——它是一幅神以大能拯救无助、无望的人的图画。”

在下结论时,我们强调两个重点。第一,洗礼的效力并非在施行的时候,神在人心中的工作,可能在施行洗礼之前、之后,也可能在施行过程中进行。但无论如何,它的意义不会改变。(也有可能某人虽然接受了外表的洗礼,但始终没有得到内心的恩典,例如旧约的以扫。)第二,我们不应以为洗礼对我们的重要性只是一次而已。不是的。大要理问答告诉我们应该一生“善用我们的洗礼”。因此,每次我们参观教会的洗礼仪式,其意义又重现我心,让我们来回思考,得益匪浅,同时使我们对神的感恩和认识又更深了一步。

问题:

1、浸信会人士和要理问答对洗礼的岐见何在?
2、你怎样证明洗礼未必是浸礼?
3、你怎样证明洗礼应向婴孩施行?
4、神的永远的约中,什么从未改变?
5、神的永远的约中,什么改变了?何以改变?
6、为什么保罗说基督徒受割礼(西二11)?为什么他又说基督是逾越节的羔羊?
7、何以新约没有替婴孩洗礼的明确教导?
8、什么证据证明婴孩在新约教会中受洗?请阐释。
9、洗礼是什么事情的记号?
10、何以洗礼只须施行一次?
11、洗礼是什么事情的印证?
12、何以婴孩洗礼和成人洗礼同具有意义(姑且不说更有意义)?
13、有没有内在改变和外在表记同时发生的可能性?
14、善用我们的洗礼是什么意思?



第二十二课

96问:主的晚餐是什么?

答:主的晚餐是照着基督所规定,授受饼和酒,以表明主的死,按理领受的人,不凭肉体,乃凭信心,分领主的身体和血,并祂一切的益处,以致灵性得养育,在恩典上有长进。

97问:为要按理领受主的晚餐必须怎样?

答:为要按理领受主的晚餐必须自己省察:有没有属灵的知识,可以分辨是主的身体,能不能凭信心以主为食物,有没有悔改的心、爱心、并重新顺从的心,免得因不按理吃喝,就自取审判。

①路廿二1920:又拿起饼来祝谢了,就擘开递给他们说,这是我的身体,为你们舍的,你们也应当如此行,为的是记念我。饭后也照样拿起杯来,说,这杯是用我血所立的新约,是为你们流出来的。

②林前十16:我们所祝福的杯,岂不是同领基督的血吗?我们所擘开的饼,岂不是同领基督的身体吗?

③林前十一28:人应当自己省察,然后吃这饼,喝这杯。

④林后十三5:你们总要自己省察有信心没有。

⑤林前十一31:我们若是先分辨自己,就不至于受审。

⑥林前十四1:你们要追求爱。

⑦林前五8:所以我们守这节…只用诚实真正的无酵饼。

⑧林前十一27:所以无论何人,不按理吃主的饼,喝主的杯,就是干犯主的身主的血了。

圣经中有四段经文提及主的晚餐的设立(太廿六2629;可十四2225;路廿二1720及林前十一2326)。从这四段经文,我们可以知道守主的晚餐的规矩和严肃性。然而这个圣礼却成为破坏福音的一个焦点,要理问答就着意警告我们不要陷入陷阱。

首先我们主的晚餐的要素是饼和酒。主的身体和血不是以肉体的形式存在,主并没有具体的出现。主礼人分派给会众时并没有任何奇迹出现。罗马天主教就犯了这错误。他们说当“弥撒的奇迹”进行时,这饼会变成真正基督的身体,而酒也会变成真正基督的血。这就是所谓变质论(Transubstantiation)。它的主旨是说有一个奇异的变化过程。圣经中曾经有一次“变质”的例子,那是记载在约二111,耶稣将水变成酒。在神迹之前缸里只有水,神迹之后则全变成了酒。但要注意,这神迹是可以自证的。当时在场的人都是知道水变成了酒(而不是有人告诉他们的)

路德宗教会(信义会)则主张合质论(Consubstantiation),这个理论是说,在施圣餐时饼仍旧是饼,酒仍旧是酒。然而,突然间,主的身体和血,实际地存在于饼和酒里面。这个情形和铁块放在火中,铁仍在,但热力却存在于铁块中的情形极相似。

根据这两种见解(罗马天主教和路德宗),信徒都是在肉体上分领主的身体和主的血。换言之,他们这样作,即是真正吃主的肉和饮主的血,正如吃人种土人吞吃其同族牺牲者一样。改革宗的观点和这二者不同。改革宗认为饼和酒都以其本来性质存在。只有那些接受了这记号和表记的人,以真正的信心分领——从属灵的角度——主牺牲的福祉。因此奥古斯丁曾说:“犹大吃的是饼,而不是吃主的身体”。从这句话,奥古斯丁分别了何谓实际的记号和印证,以及凭信心领受的属灵福祉。明显地这是正确的观点。当门徒们第一次领主的晚餐时,主耶稣的身体和血并没有改变——没有在饼和酒中——主的身体和血还活生生的存在,祂正在将饼和酒递给众门徒。祂将饼和酒,而非祂自己的肉和血,给门徒吃喝。因此,以后使徒说:“我们所祝福的杯,岂不是同领基督的血吗?我们所擘开的饼,岂不是同领基督的身体吗?(林前十16)“你们每逢吃这饼,喝这杯,是表明主的死,直等到祂来”(林前十一26)

因此要理问答根据保罗的教导(林前十一28)强调要“按理领主的晚餐”。假如以上两种理论(变质论或合质论)任何一种是正确的,我们都不需要先省察自己,然后开始分领主的身体和主的血。然而事实上我们不能真正吃喝主的身体和主的血,除非在属灵的角度上,故此自我省察是需要的。同时我们也能了解圣经说不按理吃喝是什么意思了。有人说这是指有些人不配来到主的桌子前。但若这样说,则没有一个人配来到主的桌前,“因为世人都犯了罪,亏缺了神的荣耀”(罗三23)。按理吃喝并不表示这样做才配得神的祝福。它表示要有某种合宜的思想状态、心里的态度。它表示这些按理分领的人明白自己是不配的罪人,而只有藉着耶稣的牺牲始能在神眼中看为可蒙收纳的人。要理问答说“属灵的知识,可以分辨是主的身体”,意指他们明白主的死和他人的死的不同。亦即是清楚明白基督是代替祂的民忍受神的愤怒而受死。简言之,明白救主的受苦与死亡是为我们的罪求赦。因此,凡按理吃喝的人,就是那些清楚自己是何等不配,而心里充满了感谢,因祂赐下爱子代死。“神所要的祭,就是忧伤的灵。神啊,忧伤痛悔的心,你必不轻看”(诗五十一17)

单单有基督为罪人死的知识是不够的。我们必须看看自己的内心,是否和神有正确的关系。圣经也命令我们自己察验,是否有破碎、忧伤痛悔的心——神会赐下信心——及感恩的爱心,会致我们对神顺服(林后十三5)。在这点上许多人发觉很困难。许多人发觉他们的信心极小,悔改、爱心和顺服的心也不足。甚至他们对自己产生怀疑。让我们谨慎一点,不要误解圣经对我们的要求。事实上我们必须省察自己,省察自己的悔罪、信心、爱心和顺服。但是圣经哪里说,这些东西要达到如此强烈的完全的地步,完全到我们自觉满意?甚至伟大的使徒保罗,当他自我省察时,还说:“我真是苦啊?谁能救我脱离这取死的身体呢?(罗七24)明显地他的悔罪、信心和顺服也是只到开头的阶段,他自觉距离他应有的尚远。然而保罗怎么到主的桌前?因为他深知基督到世上是为要拯救罪人。他深知虽然是一个可怜的罪人,但基督是他的希望和喜乐,换言之,虽然他为着神的恩典在他心中显露得那么微少而悲哀,但他仍知道离了神,连这么小的事他也做不来。或者说,这些恩典的多寡程度并不是最重要的,重要的是恩典的实在。来到主的桌前,若没有这思想,是一件危险的事情。这样的人就好象那跑到圣殿中,自以为是地祷告的那个法利赛人,那个税吏祷告说:“神啊,开恩可怜我这个罪人”,正是我们效法的对象(路十八1013)

假如我们来到主的桌前,感觉除了需要赦罪和洁净——神的恩赐加给我们力量,使我们能为主活得更完美——之外,别无所需。那么我们就应该来,喜乐地领这圣餐。当饼擘开,酒倒出,并分派给桌子四围的人时,我们感觉我们所得的救恩,正是主耶稣和祂所完成的工作。因为“你们得在基督耶稣里,是本乎神,神又使他成为我们的智慧、公义、圣洁、救赎。”(林前一30)

问题:

1、变质论是什么?谁主张这理论?
2、合质论是什么?谁主张这理论?
3、约二111所记载的变质事例和罗马天主教会的变质论有何不同?
4、从第一次主的晚餐证明合质论不能成立。
5、若这两理论中任一是正确的,有什么可以不需了?
6、不按理是什么意思?
7、人应怎样按理分领这圣礼?
8、我们怎样分辨何为合理?
9、何以这成为基督徒的一个严重问题
10、这问题的正确解决方法是怎样?
11、在领这圣礼时,最危险的人是谁?
12、法利赛人和税吏的比喻如何帮助我们认识这问题?
13、当我们来到主的桌前,我们最深切的思想和心志应该怎样?