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2020-03-15


66  反律法主义——我们得释放并不是为了去犯罪Legalism - Working for God'sfavour forfeits it

《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post_98.html

66  反律法主义——我们得释放并不是为了去犯罪

Legalism - Working for God's favour forfeits it

小子们哪,不要被人诱惑,行义的才是义人,正如主是义人一样。(约一3:7

废弛道德律主义(antiomianism)就是[反律法]anti-law)的意思,它是这类看法的总名称,此主义否认圣经里的律法可直接用来管理基督徒的生活。

二元废弛道德律主义出现在犹大和彼得著书所反对的诺斯底派异端里(犹4-19;彼后2章),它视救恩只是为人的灵魂预备的,身体的行为与神和灵魂的健康两者无关;所以,一个人可以行为放荡,而无关宏旨。

以灵为中心的废弛道德律主义信靠圣灵内在的激动到一个地步,甚至否认任何让律法来教导人如何生活的需要。脱离律法的自由既然成了救恩之道,他们就认为,这也带来脱离律法作行为导引的自由。在教宗改革时代的头一百五十年,这种类型的废弛道德律主义时常威胁到教会。保罗坚称:一个真正属灵的人,会承认透过基督使徒所传讯的神话语的权柄(林前14:37;另参7:40);这也正好提示我们;着迷圣灵的哥林多教会,是被相同的心态[即废弛道德律主义]套住了。

以基督为中心的废弛道德律主义则辨称:神在信徒身上看不见罪恶,因为他们是藏在基督里,而基督已为他们守住律法了。所以,只要他们不断地信主,他们实际做什么都没有区别。然而,约翰一书1:8-2:1(诠释约一1:7)和3:4-10指的却是另一个方向,清楚表明:人在基督里,却同时又过着罪恶的生活方式,是不可能的。

时代主义派的废弛道德律主义主张说,我们已经过了遵守道德律的阶段,因为我们现在活在恩典时代,而非律法时代。但罗马书3:31和哥林多前书6:9-11却很清楚地指明;遵守律法对基督徒来说,是一种继续不断的责任。保罗说:[其实我在神面前,不是没有律法,在基督面前,正在律法之下。](林前9:21下)

辩证派的废弛道德律主义,如巴特(karl barth)和布伦诺(emil brunner)神学里所提倡的,否认圣经律法是神直接的命令。他们断言:圣经的祈使语气的叙述激发了[圣灵之道];但是当[圣灵之道]来时,却不一定恰好和经上所写的道相呼应。这种新正统派对圣经权威的看法不当,十分明显,它是以圣经为工具,作为神今日对祂百姓说话的管道,来解释圣经的灵感。

处境派废弛道德律主义则说,爱的动机和意愿是神今日唯一要求基督徒一定要有的;他们还说,十诫的命令和圣经其他伦理的部分,虽都是直接从神而来的,但充其量不过就是爱人的指引;任何时候因着爱,我们都可将此指引置之不理。持这种观点的人诉诸罗马书13:8-10,却忘了其中的教导;这些特定命令之能实践,正是因为有爱作为动机。他们立场显出他们不看重圣经,这是我们无法接受的。(注1

我们必须要强调一点:无论是在十诫里被具体化了的教导,还是在新约圣经所传讲的伦理教训,道德律都是首尾一致的,是神在每一个时代都是祂百姓遵行的律法。此外,悔改的意思是指,从今而后,我们矢志在遵守律法一事上,寻求神的帮助。圣灵赐下,是为了加能力给我们,帮助我们能遵守律法,好使我们愈来愈像基督,因祂才是原初真正遵守律法的人(太5:17)。遵守律法实际上是完成我们的人性;圣经主张:对于任何一个人而言,不管他如何宣称自己相信,若不愿转离罪恶、趋向公义的话,他就没有得救的盼望(林前6:9-11;启21:8)。

译者注:这一段论及处境派废弛道德律主义的话,作者似乎有些语焉不详。在以上五种观点中,他都提出他的批判,唯独这一种,他没有提出。由下一段(结论)来看,爱不仅是动机,也必须是动机。换句话说,作者当然不苟同处境派的看法。(处境派是见风转舵,惟用动机来安慰自己是合伦理的,其实一种道德侏儒,拿不出勇敢的道德动机。)


LEGALISM
WORKING FOR GOD’S FAVOR FORFEITS IT

.... Do not do what they do, for they do not practice what they preach. They tie up heavy loads and put them on men’s shoulders, but they themselves are not willing to lift a finger to move them. Everything they do is done for men to see... MATTHEW 23:3-5

The New Testament views Christian obedience as the practice of “good deeds” (works). Christians are to be “rich in good deeds” (1 Tim. 6:18; cf. Matt. 5:16; Eph. 2:10; 2 Tim. 3:17; Titus 2:7, 14; 3:8, 14). A good deed is one done (a) according to the right standard (God’s revealed will, i.e., his moral law); (b) from a right motive (the love to God and others that marks the regenerate heart); (c) with a right purpose (pleasing and glorifying God, honoring Christ, advancing his kingdom, and benefiting one’s neighbor).

Legalism is a distortion of obedience that can never produce truly good works. Its first fault is that it skews motive and purpose, seeing good deeds as essentially ways to earn more of God’s favor than one has at the moment. Its second fault is arrogance. Belief that one’s labor earns God’s favor begets contempt for those who do not labor in the same way. Its third fault is lovelessness in that its self-advancing purpose squeezes humble kindness and creative compassion out of the heart.

In the New Testament we meet both Pharisaic and Judaizing legalism. The Pharisees thought that their status as children of Abraham made God’s pleasure in them possible, and that their formalized daily law-keeping, down to minutest details, would make it actual. The Judaizers viewed Gentile evangelism as a form of proselytizing for Judaism; they believed that the Gentile believer in Christ must go on to become a Jew by circumcision and observance of the festal calendar and ritual law, and that thus he would gain increased favor with God. Jesus attacked the Pharisees; Paul, the Judaizers.

The Pharisees were formalists, focusing entirely on the externals of action, disregarding motives and purposes, and reducing life to mechanical rule-keeping. They thought themselves faithful law-keepers although (a) they majored in minors, neglecting what matters most (Matt. 23:23-24); (b) their casuistry negated the law’s spirit and aim (Matt. 15:3-9; 23:16-24); (c) they treated traditions of practice as part of God’s authoritative law, thus binding consciences where God had left them free (Mark 2:16-3:6; 7:1-8); (d) they were hypocrites at heart, angling for man’s approval all the time (Luke 20:45-47; Matt. 6:1-8; 23:2-7). Jesus was very sharp with them on these points.

In Galatians, Paul condemns the Judaizers’ “Christ-plus” message as obscuring and indeed denying the all-sufficiency of the grace revealed in Jesus (Gal. 3:1-3; 4:21; 5:2-6). In Colossians, he conducts a similar polemic against a similar “Christ-plus” formula for “fullness” (i.e., spiritual completion: Col. 2:8-23). Any “plus” hat requires us to take action in order to add to what Christ has given us is a reversion to legalism and, in truth, an insult to Christ.

So far, then, from enriching our relationship with God, as it seeks to do, legalism in all its forms does the opposite. It puts that relationship in jeopardy and, by stopping us focusing on Christ, it starves our souls while feeding our pride. Legalistic religion in all its forms should be avoided like the plague.



2017-12-23

89. 反律法主義  Antinomianism

作者: 史鮑爾 (R.C. Sproul)     譯者: 姚錦榮
摘自《神學入門》《Essential Truths of the Christian Faith237, 更新傳道會出版

有首老歌道出了廢弛道德律主義antmomianism的真相歌中這樣說「由律法中解放何等有福任意犯罪仍得寬恕。」

廢弛道德律主義按其字面意思就是「反律法主義」(anti-lawism)它否定或輕視上帝律法在信徒生活中的重要性,廢弛道德律主義可謂是另一個異端思想——律法主義的孿生兄弟。

廢弛道德律主義的特色是從不同的角度去貶低律法。有人認為,他們沒有必要再遵守上帝的道德律,因耶穌已經釋放了他們。他們說,恩典不但使我們從上帝律法的咒詛中得釋放,同時更救我們脫離了遵守道德律的義務。因此,恩典成為我們不必順服的特許執照。令人訝異的是,盡管保羅大力反對這種思想,但還是有基督徒這樣主張。保羅較任何其它新約聖經的作者更強調律法與恩典的教義,他以上帝新立的恩約為榮,但同時他又很清楚地否定廢弛道德律主義。在羅馬書三章3l節,他提到:「這樣,我們因信廢了律法麽?斷乎不是!更是堅固律法。」

當馬丁路德提出因信稱義的教義時,有人以為他主張廢弛道德律主義,但他卻很堅定地讚同雅各的立場:「信心沒有行為是死的。」他甚至和他的學生雅其科拉(JohannAgricola)在這問題上產生很大的分歧。雅其科拉不承認律法在信徒身上有任何功用,他甚至不承認律法可以引導罪人得著恩典。馬丁路德曾在《論廢弛道德律主義》(AgainisttheAntinomians1539)一書中回應雅其科拉,而他的這位學生後來也修正了他的廢弛道德律主義,但是這問題仍然存在。日後的路德宗神學家也堅守馬丁路德對律法的觀點。他們在一五七七年,將馬丁路德所留下有關信心最後的論點納入《協和信條》(FormulaofConcord)中,他們把律法的功用分為三部分:(1)顯出罪;(2)為社會訂立一般性的道德標準;(3)為在基督裏重生的人建立生活的規範。

廢弛道德律主義的主要錯誤在於,它混淆了稱義與成聖的意義。我們惟靠信心稱義,不是因著行為,但所有信徒都需要憑著信心遵守上帝的誡命,不是為了得到上帝的喜悅,而是為了在愛中表達對基督所賜下之恩典的感激。

視舊約聖經只談律法之約,新約聖經只談恩典之約,乃是一個嚴重的錯誤。舊約聖經見證了神向祂子民奇妙恩典的作為,而新約聖經也充滿了許多明文規定的誡命。我們不是靠律法得救,但藉著遵行基督的誡命,表明出我們對基督的愛,因主說:「你們若愛我,就必遵守我的命令。」(約1415

我們常聽到人說:「基督教不是一個講應做什麽與不應做什麽的宗教;它不是一套規條。」這話的確含有某些真理,基督教不是一套規條,它的核心是人與基督的關系。可是基督教也不是沒有規條的,新約聖經清楚包含了「應做」與「不應做」的律例與規條,基督教絕不是一個讓人按照心中喜好而為所欲為的宗教,基督教也從來沒有給人「權利」去做錯的事。

總結:
1.廢弛道德律主義是一種異端,因它認為基督徒沒有遵行上帝律法的責任。
2.律法能顯出罪,它是社會行為規範的基礎,也是基督徒生活的準則。
3.廢弛道德律主義混淆了稱義與成聖的意義。
4.無論在舊約聖經或新約聖經中,都充滿了上帝的律法與恩典。
5.雖然遵守律法不是稱義的條件,但是稱義的人必須嚴守上帝的律法。

思考經文:
1415;羅327-31;羅61-2 ;約壹23-6;約壹51-3

89. ANTINOMIANISM

There is an old rhyme that serves as something of an antinomian theme song. It says, “Freed from the law, O blessed condition; I can sin all I want and still have remission.”Antinomianism literally means “anti-lawism.” It denies or downplays the significance of God’s law in the life of the believer. It is the opposite of its twin heresy, legalism.

Antinomians acquire their distaste for the law in a number of ways. Some believe that they no longer are obligated to keep the moral law of God because Jesus has freed them from it. They insist that grace not only frees us from the curse of God’s law but delivers us from any obligation to obey God’s law. Grace then becomes a license for disobedience.

The astounding thing is that people hold this view despite Paul’s vigorous teaching against it. Paul, more than any other New Testament writer, emphasized the differences between law and grace. He gloried in the New Covenant. Nevertheless, he was most explicit in his condemnation of antinomianism. In Romans 3:31 he writes, “Do we then make void the law through faith? Certainly not! On the contrary, we establish the law.”
Martin Luther, in expressing the doctrine of justification by faith alone, was charged with antinomianism. Yet he affirmed with James that “faith without works is dead.” Luther contested with his student Johann Agricola on this issue. Agricola denied that the law had any purpose in the life of
the believer. He even denied that the law served to prepare the sinner for grace. Luther responded to Agricola with his work Against the Antinomians in 1539. Agricola later recanted his antinomian teachings, but the issue remained.

Subsequent Lutheran theologians affirmed Luther’s view of the law. In the Formula of Concord (1577), the last of the classical Lutheran statements of faith, they outlined three uses for the law: (1) to reveal sin; (2) to establish general decency in the society at large; and (3) to provide a rule of life for those regenerated through faith in Christ.

Antinomianism’s primary error is confusing justification with sanctification. We are justified by faith alone, apart from works. However, all believers grow in faith by keeping God’s holy commands—not to gain God’s favor, but out of loving gratitude for the grace already bestowed on them through the work of Christ.

It is a serious error to assume that the Old Testament was a covenant of law and the New Testament, a covenant of grace. The Old Testament is a monumental testimony to God’s amazing grace toward His people. Likewise, the New Testament is literally filled with commandments. We are not saved by the law, but we demonstrate our love for Christ by obeying His commandments. “If you love Me,” Jesus said, “keep My commandments” (John 14:15).

We frequently hear the statement, “Christianity isn’t a lot of do’s and don’ts; it is not a list of rules.” There is some truth in this deduction, inasmuch as Christianity is far more than a mere list of rules. It is, at its center, a personal relationship with Christ Himself. Yet Christianity is also not less than rules. The New Testament clearly includes some do’s and don’ts. Christianity is not a religion that sanctions the idea that everyone has the right to do what is right in his own eyes. On the contrary, Christianity never gives anyone the “right” to do what is wrong.

Summary 1. Antinomianism is the heresy that says Christians have no obligation to obey the laws of God. 2. The law reveals sin, is a foundation for decency in society, and is a guide for the Christian life. 3. Antinomianism confuses justification and sanctification. 4. Law and grace fill both the Old and New Testaments.

5. Though obeying God’s law is not the meritorious cause of our justification, a justified person is expected to strive ardently to obey the commandments of God.

Biblical passages for reflection:
John 14:15 Romans 3:27-31 Romans 6:1-2 1 John 2:3-6 1 John 5:1-3


2017-11-17

律法主義與反律法主義:為甚麼我要遵從神的律法?

摘自:《新譯本研讀版聖經》p.1762環球聖經公會(2013

基督徒要遵從上帝的律法(太 28 :20; 14:15, 21; 2:13; 約一2 :3-6)。合宜的遵從是: (1) 根據正確的標準 (上帝的顯明的旨意,如祂的法律; 30:8-14; 5:16-20; 2 :13(2) 出自正直的心(愛上帝和愛人;申 30:16; 22:36-40; 14:15; 林前16:14; 5:14; 約二1 :6; (3) 有正確目標(討上帝喜悅、榮耀上帝,尊崇基督,擴展祂的國度,和並讓人得益處; 18 :29-30; 8 :7-8; 12 :1-2; 1 :10; 西 1:10;帖前 2:3-4)。不過,歷史讓我們看見,許多人誤會了這些真理,其結果他們墮入以下兩種錯謬之一:要麽是律法主義,要麽就是反律主義。

律法主義泛指人對上帝的律法持有的一些不正確看法。一些律法主義源於動機和目的有偏差,最主要是借著好行為討取上帝更多的恩寵。有些律法主義是毫無愛心地追求自我提升,也一些律法主義實際上是扭曲了上帝顯明的標準。

我們從新約聖經可以看到法利賽人和猶太派信徒的兩種律法主義。在許多方面,法利賽人是形式主義者,強調外在行動超過動機和目的。他們認為自己為忠心的律法守護者,縱使:(1)他們看重細節,卻忽略了最要緊的事 (太 23:23-24);(2) 他們的詭辯與律法的精神和目的背道而馳(太 15:3-9; 23:16-24);(3) 他們把固有傳統習俗視為上帝權威律法的一部分,以致人的良心受到拘限,失卻上帝所賜的自由(可 2:16-3:6; 7:1-8);以及(4) 他們骨子裏是假冒偽善,事事要謀取人的讚許(加 20:45 - 47; 6:1-8; 23:2-7)。耶穌為此種種而嚴厲斥責法利賽人。

早期的教會中的猶太派信徒主張,歸信基督的外族信徒要借著某些善行,例如行割禮,來博取上帝更多的恩寵。保羅在加拉太書中強烈地反對這種觀點,並譴責他們,上帝在耶穌裏所彰顯的福音恩典,是完備而足夠的(加3 :1 - 3;4 :21; 5:2-6)。在歌羅西書,他用同樣的論辯,反對人要求基督徒靠遵行某些規條來達至靈性上的完全(西2:8-23)。所有試圖透過行為來補足基督為我們成就的工作的教導,都是重回律法主義的舊路,是羞辱了基督。

至於反律主義,可以表現於多種不同的形式,但它們的共通點都是否定上帝的律法在基督徒生活中的適用性或重要性:

二元論的反律法主義,似乎正是彼得和猶大要駁斥的異端主張(彼後2;猶4-19節),它也曾在教會歷史的其它時期出現過。這個觀點認為,救恩只是為人的靈魂而設,身體的行為不是上帝關注的目標,也和靈魂的安泰無關。由於身體行為不必負永恒的後果,所以利用物質身體違反上帝的律法(例:性罪行)是可以接受的。

以聖靈為中心的反律法主義,強調聖靈在人內心的感動,人只須信靠聖靈,不必要尊行律法的教導來生活。這種看法認為,既然人無須靠律法來獲得救恩,他們在品行上也應當可以脫離律法的拘限。在宗教改革時期的最初150年,這種形式的反律法主義相當普遍。保羅力陳,真正的屬靈人承認上帝話語的權威(林前14:37;參7:40),可見,當時的哥林多教會正受到這種思想的箝制。

以基督為中心的反律法主義辯稱,因為信徒已經在基督裏,而基督為他們遵行了一切律法,所以上帝就視他們為無罪——這是真確的。然而,有些人從這個事實引申出錯誤的結論,認為基督徒因此可以任意犯罪,只要他們繼續信靠基督為他們成就救恩就行了。可是,約翰壹書第一章8節至二章1節(闡釋1:7)和三章410節卻提出相反的論點,說明人不可能一方面活在基督裡,而另一方面則活在任意犯罪的生活中。

時代論的反律主義堅持主張,基督徒不必繼續持守道德律法,因為我們已經活在恩典時代,而不活在律法時代。不過,羅馬書第三章31節及雅各布書第二章813節等經文都清楚指出,遵守律法是基督徒要持續履行的責任。

辯證論的反律法主義由巴特(Karl Barth)和卜仁納(Emil Brunner)倡議,他們反對聖經中的律法是上帝直接發出的命令。他們主張,聖經中的命令引發出了聖靈之道,但聖靈之道不一定百分之百與聖經的原意相符。

處境式的反律主義宣稱,上帝對基督徒的唯一要求,就是愛;聖經中關於倫理的具體吩咐,只是在不同的時間、不同的環境下彰顯愛心的例子。只要我們行事為人是出於愛,這些例子大可置之不理。這個觀點常引用羅馬書第十三章810節為根據,然而經文教導說,人若不以愛為出發點,那些具體的命令都會落空。但時,這段經文也主張,遵行具體的律法誡命是重要的。


我們必須強調,由十誡所概括、借著新舊兩約的倫理教導詳細闡明的道德律法,是一套貫徹一致的律法,是上帝賜給祂子民的行為法典,無論他們身處哪一世代。聖靈已加給我們能力,使我們能遵守律法,並且越來越像基督──那位律法的完成者(太5:17)。如此遵守律法,其實是成全我們的人性;而對於那些不願從罪中回轉去尋求義的人,聖經再沒有帶給他們救恩的盼望(林前6:9-11;啟21:8)。