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2018-12-26


教会:天国子民在地上的聚集 ——从圣经神学的角度简论神的国与教会的关系

/大牛

神的国与教会无疑具有极其密切的关系。圣经明确宣告,教会是“圣洁的国度”(彼前2:9),教会的会众是“天上的国民”(腓3:20),是“与圣徒同国”(弗2:19[1]。自奥古斯丁以来,西方教会就将神的国与教会等同。因此,拓展教会,就等同于拓展神的国度。然而,自十九世纪以来,自由派的学者们开始公开质疑这种将神的国与教会紧密联系的看法,他们断言,“天国的普遍性特征是与教会的概念不相协调的。”[2]比如,德国神学家哈纳克(Adolf Harnack)强调神的国的已然性和内在主观性,他将神的国理解为当前的、内在的事件,发生于每一个信徒心中。因此,神的国的本质,乃是上帝在每个个体心中的统治。[3]这种对神的国的本质个人化、内在化的强调,导致他轻看教会作为有机组织的重要性,而强调教会只应当具有内在的权威。所有与神的国内在化的本质相冲突的实践,包括教会体制、圣职人员、圣礼等,都应当被取消。[4]另一位著名的德国神学家史怀哲(Albert Schweitzer)则将神的国完全理解为将来的事件,认为“神国的概念不是今世的,或是属灵的,而是纯属未来且是超自然的。”[5]实际上,他甚至认为,耶稣自己以为神的国很快就要降临,但耶稣却弄错了。在这一背景下,耶稣根本就没有想过要建立所谓的教会。史怀哲“彻底末世论的概念,排除了教会的必需。”[6]这种彻底的末世论的预设,使得史怀哲在解释马太福音16:18-19这样耶稣明确论及教会的经文时,将那里的“教会”理解为“预存的教会”,这一教会“将要在末日时显现出来,并与神的国合并”。[7]作为保守的改革宗教会的一员,笔者绝对不认同这些自由派观点的核心教导,这些教导来自于不合乎圣经的思想预设。然而,正如霍志恒(Geerhardus Vos)、瑞德鲍斯(Herman Ridderbos)等改革宗学者所指出的,这些自由派学者的观点,至少从两个方面对福音派神学产生重大影响:第一,福音派神学需要充分认识到神的国的已然性和未然性的张力;第二,福音派神学需要认真检视教会的概念在耶稣有关天国的教导中的有机位置。[8]实际上,这些自由派学者的思想,的确启发了二十世纪的改革宗学者更加合乎圣经地阐述出神的国与教会的关系。笔者也愿意在本文中,从圣经神学的角度,简单谈谈自己的学习体会。

当我们要谈论神的国与教会的关系时,我们必须要首先询问的关键问题是:何为神的国?在系统神学中,通常会区分两种不同的神的国:本质性的神的国(The Essential Kingdom of God)和中保性的神的国(The Mediatorial Kingdom of God)。前者是指神作为创造主和万有的主宰,而对一切的被造物的统治(但4:172532)。后者则是指神透过他所设立的中保而对一切被造物的统治。当我们在谈论神的国时,这是指后者的概念,即这个国度的本质,并非神本质性的统治。因为作为万有的主宰,神从来没有失去这样的统治,即使在天使和人类堕落之后(罗11:36;来1:3)。然而,神却有一个永恒的计划,即他要通过中保作王,带来神对万有的统治,即神的国的统治。这一计划最初是在神造人时体现出来的。


一、创造之约下的神的国和教会

在创世纪1:26,神说:“我们要照着我们的形像,按着我们的样式造人,使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫。”原文的意思是,神要把人造成他的形像,以至于我们可以说,人本质上就是“神的形像”(林前11:7)。人被造为“神的形像”,这有古代近东的背景。正如改革宗学者伯瑞特所指出的,在古代近东,只有君王才能被称作“神的形像”,表明他们是作为神的代表,治理神的国度。换句话说,当摩西受圣灵默示,写下神最初造亚当和夏娃,是将他们造成他的形像时。摩西实际上是在表达,人是作为神的代表,治理神的国度。[9]这一点,在接下来的经文中,得到了最好的体现:“神就照着自己的形像造人,乃是照着他的形像造男造女。神就赐福给他们,又对他们说:‘要生养众多,遍满地面,治理这地;也要管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟,和地上各样行动的活物。”(创1:27-28

神要治理全地,但是,在神的计划中,他并非自己亲自来治理,而是透过他所设立的神的形像来治理。[10]亚当和夏娃最初是在伊甸园,作为君尊的祭司,治理神的园子(创2:15)。[11]并借着他们生养众多神的形像,从而带来神在全地的统治。

所以,我们可以看到,在创造之约下,国度的概念已经隐含在其中,而教会的概念却并没有出现。为何如此呢?原因就在于:在创造之约下,神的国是透过家庭的繁衍来实现的,透过家庭在婚姻中生养众多神的形像,从而带来神国度在全地的统治。根据神在亚当之约中的应许,家庭已经足以实现神的国度在全地上的拓展,并带来最终完全的神的统治。

然而,堕落改变了一切。在人堕落之前,亚当和夏娃作为完美的神的形像,足以生养同样完美的神的形像。但是,在亚当和夏娃堕落之后,罪极其深刻地影响到了全人类,每个人都在罪的权下,成了罪的奴隶。作为被罪所败坏和扭曲的神的形像,人类父母根本无法透过家庭本身生养完美的神的形像,从而带来神的国度。实际上,堕落的人自身也被神从原初的神的国度(伊甸园)中逐出来。然而,神也明确应许,女人的后裔要与魔鬼的后裔彼此为仇,而一位特别的女人的后裔将要最终击败魔鬼(创3:15[12],这为堕落中的罪人存留了国度的盼望。在接下来的圣约中,这一应许和盼望进一步发展,越来越具体。在挪亚之约中,神与挪亚的后裔立约(创9:9),后来又特别表明,这个后裔来自闪(创9:26-27);在亚伯拉罕之约中,神与亚伯拉罕及其后裔坚立永远的约(创17:7),后来又指出这个后裔是从以撒(创17:21)、雅各(创28:13)而来。值得注意的是,对于这些神的子民而言,神的国度仍然只是应许(创49:10),并且,圣约子民仍然是以家庭为单位(创6:1817:713),并没有“教会”作为组织的概念的出现,直到摩西之约的到来。


二、摩西之约下的神的国和教会

如果说亚伯拉罕之约是应许之约,那么,摩西之约可以看作是亚伯拉罕之约的成全之约,因为摩西之约正是要使得神对亚伯拉罕、以撒、雅各所立的约得以成就(创15:13-21;申9:1-5)。这其中,最重要的,就是国度的应许。这主要透过几个方面表现出来:

第一,神明确告诉以色列人,他与他们立约的目的,就是要“你们要归我作祭司的国度,为圣洁的国民”。(出19:6)借着摩西之约,神要塑造以色列人成为国度,这个国度是完全不同于地上的国度,是以神为中心的国度,是敬拜的国度,是分别为圣的国度。

第二,“女人的后裔”的概念在摩西之约中进一步发展,但令人惊讶的是,这次不再是个人,而是以色列整体作为女人的后裔(出33:1;申4:37),神甚至称以色列人整体为他的儿子(出4:22-23),表明神要与他的子民重建最初亚当所失落的那种与神亲密的关系。

第三,更重要的是,摩西有意在伊甸园与迦南地,亚当与以色列人之间建立联系。例如:伊甸园与迦南地拥有同样的疆界(创2:10-1415:18);需要同样的圣洁(创3:8;申12:10-11);要求同样的忠诚(创2:16-17;申8:1-2);在悖逆时面对同样的咒诅:死亡(创2:17;民26:65),驱逐(创3:22;申30:19-20)。以至于征服迦南地,可以被看作为“重夺伊甸园”。[13]同样的,亚当与以色列人之间也存在着平行的对应。例如:以色列人在迦南之外的旷野被塑造成神的形像,正如亚当在伊甸园之外被塑造;以色列人可以在迦南地享受神的同在,正如亚当在伊甸园享受神的同在;以色列人如果遵守诫命,就会有生命,正如亚当如果遵守诫命,就会有永生;而以色列人如果悖逆,就会被逐出迦南地,正如亚当悖逆,被逐出伊甸园。[14]这表明,神要求以色列人,作为第二亚当,要重新回到伊甸园(迦南地),建立神的国度。并从迦南地开始,如同过去的亚当那样,逐步将神的国度拓展到全地。

正是在这一背景下,当以色列人将要进入迦南地之前,神第一次启示了“教会”的概念。这一概念出现在申命记4:10:“你在何烈山站在耶和华你神面前的那日,耶和华对我说:‘你为我招聚百姓,我要叫他们听见我的话,使他们存活在世的日子,可以学习敬畏我,又可以教训儿女这样行。’”

 教会”一词的希伯来文是קָהָל,其希腊文是ἐκκλησία,两者基本的意思都是“聚集”。在申4:10所出现的,是希伯来文“教会”一词的动词形式:“招聚”。然而,在救赎历史中,这一“招聚”并非偶然性的招聚,而成为一种特别的招聚。七十士译本的译者为了强调出这一“招聚”的特殊性,而特意加了一句话:“在组成教会的日子,耶和华对我说,你为我招聚百姓”,以此来表明,这一招聚正是为了组成教会。组成教会做什么呢?听见神的话。这种听见会带来两个结果:第一,学习敬畏(敬拜)神;第二,教训自己的儿女也如此行。

这节经文对于我们理解教会的本质很重要。首先,在整个上下文中,这跟神要塑造以色列人进入迦南地,成为祭司和圣洁的国度有着紧密的联系。以色列人要成为祭司和圣洁的国度,作为神荣耀的形像或代表治理最初的伊甸园,有一个重要的条件就是:他们必须遵行神的话语。而遵行神的话语的前提,是他们必须要亲自听见神的话语。这原本是透过家庭教育来实现的,但是,当人堕落后,父母自身作为被罪败坏和扭曲的神的形像,根本不足以透过家庭教育,使得圣约中在罪里出生的孩子长大成为完美的神的形像。所以,神需要设立一个新的管道(Means),就是教会。教会是神所设立,让自己的圣约子民聚集,从而听见神的话语。在希伯来文中,“听见”不仅仅只是听到而已,也包括听而顺服的意思。然而,为何这些顽梗悖逆的约民可以在教会中听而顺服?原因在于:这样的聚集(教会)有着耶和华神荣耀的临在和大能的彰显(申4:10-125:22)。这种神特别而神圣的临在,也使得神的话语的宣讲更具有效力,更加确保神的子民真正听而明白,听而顺服(申18:16;士2:4;代下15:10-1530:1-27)。另一方面,这样的聚集(教会)也被称作“耶和华的(教)会”(申23:1-8;代上28:8),表明这一聚集是特别属于耶和华神的。换句话说,教会是一个特别的圣约子民的聚集,这一聚集是属于耶和华神的,有着耶和华神特别的临在和大能的彰显,为了让这些圣约子民听见并顺服神的话语,以至于他们可以学习敬畏(敬拜)神。其次,家庭并未因着教会的出现而过时或解体,而是整合进入教会的社群中。[15]圣约父母在教会的教导下,学习教导自己的儿女,生养神的形像。[16]从此以后,神在自己的圣约群体中,确立了这一聚集成为一种常态,“要招聚他们男、女、孩子,并城里寄居的,使他们听、使他们学习,好敬畏耶和华你们的神,谨守遵行这律法的一切话。”(申31:10-13)所以,在摩西之约下,教会就成了神塑造自己的圣约子民,遵行律法,活出神的形像,从而成为祭司和圣洁的国度的管道。

此外,在摩西之约下,神的国的国民是比教会的会众更大的概念。比如,路得作为摩押女子,却能成为神的国的一员(得1:16),但她作为摩押人,却不能进入耶和华的教会(申23:3)。为何会这样?因为在摩西之约下,神的国只是作为影儿、预表和种子,指向将来那真正的神的国。而教会在摩西之约下,反而有着神更加神圣的临在和荣耀的彰显。神也因此对圣约子民的聚集,对他们的礼仪性的圣洁,有着更高的要求。这也是为何不仅仅是摩押人,亚扪人,甚至包括私生子,外肾受伤的,或被阉割的,都不可入耶和华的教会(申23:1-3)。[17]


三、大卫之约下的神的国和教会

在大卫之约下,一个有关神的国的概念逐渐发展成熟。那就是,以色列人充分认识到自己是软弱与败坏的。他们自身,即使依靠神的恩典,也无法成为祭司和圣洁的国度。神进一步启示他们,他们需要一位合神心意的王,才能真正带来神的国度。

根据圣经神学,从约书亚记开始,直到列王纪结束的这几卷历史书都属于“申命记历史书”,因为申命记(摩西之约)所呈现的神学主张也正好为这一系列书卷提供解释与思考的角度和依据。这里有两条主线:一是强调神守约的公义和信实,以色列人的复兴和被掳都是神守约的体现(申11章,28-30章);二是面对以色列人因为自身软弱,无法透过守约而带来神的国度的事实,强调神会透过一个他所拣选的王(申17:14-20)和他所拣选的圣殿(申12章)而带来神国的统治。其中,第二主题在申命记中有了初步的基础,就是确定了这个王必须满足的条件(他必须是以色列人,是神所拣选的,专注于神国的使命,特别是敬畏神,谨守遵行律法),这一点在约书亚记中表现为:约书亚正是这样一个完美的“王”的雏形[18],以色列人的责任是跟随约书亚,进入迦南地(书1:2-3)。士师记则与约书亚记是一个巨大的对比,同样都是以色列人,为什么差别如此之大?士师记的最后给出了答案:“那时,以色列中没有王,各人任意而行”(士21:25)。那么,王从哪里来?是从约书亚所在以法莲支派而来吗?是从便雅悯支派而来吗?实际上,士师记本身给出了暗示,士师记所记载的所有支派和士师中,唯有犹大是专心谨守律法,对神有信心的[19],唯有来自犹大支派的俄陀聂是完美的。士师记的最后,便雅悯的基比亚是污秽败坏的(违背律法,暗示了之后的扫罗),而犹大的伯利恒则是慷慨好客的(遵行律法,暗示了之后的大卫)。这一点在路得记中得到最完全的展现:在如此败坏的士师时代,居然在犹大的伯利恒有如此敬畏神的波阿斯;当以色列人都离弃神拜各种偶像,原来拜偶像的路得却归向耶和华。他们让我们看到了希望,从他们的后裔中出来了大卫(得4:22)。而整个撒母耳记带领我们看到了最终的希望,以色列人不能完美地遵守律法,领受神的祝福,但大卫是神所拣选的人,他在某种程度上遵守了律法,他在某种程度上建立了神的国度。而神应许,将来从大卫的后裔中,必要出来一位,他将完美地遵守神的律法,他将建立神的国度直到永远(撒下7:12-16;对比撒上13:13)。列王纪正是在这一背景下,让我们看到北国的王不断更换,而南国则始终是大卫的后裔在掌权(除了亚他利雅的例外),并在最后给我们留存了盼望:“犹大王约雅斤被掳后三十七年,巴比伦王以未米罗达元年十二月二十七日,使犹大王约雅斤抬头,提他出监,又对他说恩言,使他的位高过与他一同在巴比伦众王的位。”(王下25:27-28)实际上,这也是先知们的盼望,那就是,那位大卫的后裔,将带来神的国度,执掌王权,统治全地(诗2:1-12;赛9:6-7;耶33:14-26;结37:21-28;亚6:9-15)。

同时,圣经也让我们看到,这位王也是教会的招聚者、带领者和赐福者,并且他是以已经得胜的国度君王的身份,成为教会的招聚者、带领者和赐福者,这在所罗门王(作为那位完美的大卫的子孙的预表)献圣殿的教会聚会中表现得尤其明显。值得注意的是:是所罗门王,而非大祭司,招聚圣约子民(王上8:1)。圣约子民是被招聚到所罗门王那里(王上8:2)。所罗门王为会众祷告、代求、祝福、献祭(王上8:14225563),王可以将圣殿分别为圣(王上8:64)。同样的,神的荣耀也充满在这聚会中(王上8:10-11)。实际上,在大卫之约下,我们看到教会中神荣耀的同在和权能的彰显,总是与王的忠诚敬虔,以及随之而来的国度的复兴有关。当王敬虔忠诚时,神就在一定程度上复兴这个国度,而这样的教会也就在一定程度上具有特别的神的同在和荣耀的彰显(代下30章,34:29-34);而当王不敬虔忠诚时,神就刑罚甚至倾覆这个国度,而这样的教会也不能经历神的同在和荣耀的彰显(耶23:18;弥2:5)。

所以,我们必须盼望另一位完美的大卫的子孙出现,他将带来神的国的完美成全,他将以天国君王的身份成为自己教会的完美招聚者、带领者和赐福者。这一盼望带领我们进入新约。


四、新约下的神的国和教会

在新约下,同时有三种国度的概念出现。第一种,是承认之前国度的仍然存在(太8:1221:43);第二种,是宣告神的国因着基督的到来才真正来到(太4:1711:1212:28),并且基督借着他的死与复活已经成就了神的国(太28:18;弗1:21-22);第三种,是宣告神的国仍然在将来,只有在基督再来时才到来(林前15:23-28;启11:15-18)。我们又该如何调和这三个不同的概念呢?

正如神在大卫之约中所启示的,这个神的国度唯独是由一位完美的大卫的后裔——基督带来,唯独由基督带来这个国度在全地上的掌权(诗2:1-12)。这一国度,绝对不是任何其他人可以贡献出任何力量,或者参加建造的。霍志恒因此正确地强调出,神的国度“在耶稣的心目中具有绝对理想的特质……意味着崭新的力量及无限的福祉。”[20]这一国度具有至高无上的特征[21],这一国度是完全超自然的国度。[22]从这个意义上,在基督之前的国度,只能被视为真正的神的国的影儿、预表和种子,而非神的国本身。[23]否则,就是混淆了影儿与实体、预表与应验、种子与大树的区别。

另一方面,我们必须同时坚持圣经所清楚见证的神的国的已然性和未然性。即借着基督的死与复活,神的国已经完全成就,天上地下所有的权柄已经赐给基督,但直到基督再来之前,基督在全地的统治,并不完全。正如霍志恒所指出的,神的国在基督第一次来和第二次来之间,表现出“已经成就,但尚未完全”的特征。[24]对于神的国在这末世所呈现出的特征,我们需要避免两个极端:

第一,神的国已经到来。基督再来时的完全的神的国,在本质上,就是现今存在于这个世上的不完全的神的国。这两者并非两个完全不同的国度。[25]因此,今天的国度,与将来的国度,应当具有同样的本质特征:同一位君王,同一群子民,同一套律法,同一个疆域。换句话说,如果基督已经是全地的主(太28:18),是所有君王的元首(启1:5),那么,在所有的领域,我们就必须宣告,基督是王,并非只是在教会中。[26]正如霍志恒所说:“神至高无上的君权绝对可以遍布、支配以各种形式存在的人类生活,面酵的比喻已清楚教导了这点。人类生活呈现出各种不同活动的形式范围,如科学、艺术、家庭、国家、商业及工业等。当任何一种范围是处在他神圣、至高、荣耀的原则管理之下,并显示于外时,神的国也就在此彰显了。”[27]与此同时,既然基督已经拥有天上地下一切的权柄,那么,天国的律法,就必须是所有领域的标准(即使不信之人怎么也不会承认)。那种在教会与公共领域作出本质的分割,并在教会内诉诸圣经,在教会外诉诸所谓的自然律的“两国论”思维,在神的国已经借着基督的死与复活在各个领域、在全地真实临在的事实下,是应当被质疑的。

第二,神的国的完全,其实现方式,不同于如今神的国在不完全时的运作。如今,神的国好像面酵和芥菜种,具有逐渐性和无形性的特征,借着圣灵内在的在人心中的工作而彰显出来。但当神的国完全时,耶稣启示,他会以一种突然和瞬间的方式来成就。“麦子与稗子的比喻及撒网的比喻,在一方面虽然暗示全部动作的连贯性,但在另一方面则意味,最后的完成并非是借着先前的过程而自然产生的……故此,当内在性的国度迈向成熟时,神将行使奇迹中的奇迹,而最后的国度也只会在这种方式下来临,因为这最后阶段来临之前,必产生极大物质性、宇宙性的变动,它不是属灵范围内的力量所能产生的。”[28]从这个意义上,所谓的“转化论”(Transformationalism)也是同样应当被质疑的。正如霍志恒所强调的:“若以为借着神的能力在内心运行而产生的渐进扩展;借着教会的增长,借着真理广泛的影响,现存的神国将会扩张到全世界,并因此交棒而进入最终的国度,这种见解并不符合耶稣的看法。因为它将忽略末世论的真义,并消除耶稣对国度所作出的两个方面的区别。”[29]

简言之,基督借着他的死与复活,已经带来了神的国度,并且在全地,在各个领域都已经实现了国度的治理。只是在这末世,在基督再来之前,在全地,在各个领域都不完全[30]。神的国唯有等候基督再来时,借着突然的、瞬间的方式得到完全成就。这种认识,一方面应当使我们避免悲观主义或消极主义,以为神的国在现阶段只是存在于教会中,而将其他领域拱手相让(太5:13-16[31]);同时另一方面也应当使我们避免盲目的乐观主义或转化主义,以为可以在所有的领域完全彰显神的国。

那么,信徒如何在各个领域彰显神的国?或者更准确地说,基督如何借着圣灵的工作,透过信徒彰显神的国呢?答案是,透过教会。

正如之前所看到的,从摩西之约开始,神是透过教会的工作,来彰显和拓展其国度。大卫之约使我们看到,并非是教会中的会众依靠自己彰显和拓展神的国度,而是国度的君王作为教会的招聚者、带领者和赐福者,带领会众,来彰显或拓展神的国度。这一点在新约中表现的尤其明显。我们要特别关注马太福音16:16-19,这是新约中第一处明确谈及教会的地方,耶稣也借此表明神的国与他的教会的关系。

首先,基督是以天国君王的身份来建立他自己的教会,以至于新约教会的奠基,牢牢建立在天国奠基的事实上。耶稣表明,教会将具有一种全新的特征,是过去所不具有的。以至于他用了将来时态来表明:“我将要把我的教会建造在这磐石上。”(太16:18)这种全新的特征,就是教会将是“基督的教会”,是以基督为元首的,是基督亲自招聚、带领和赐福的,而不是像过去摩西、亚伦、大祭司、大卫家的王这些不完美的人,所招聚、带领和赐福的。并且,基督建立他自己的教会,与基督作为天国的君王有关。这种相关性,首先表现在,基督要将教会建立在认信的彼得的基础上。[32]而彼得的认信,是与耶稣天国的君王身份有着密切联系的。[33]并且在下文中,彼得作为教会的磐石,与彼得掌握天国的钥匙,具有紧密的联系。实际上,根据使徒行传第二章,主的教会只有在基督得到荣耀,天国奠基,圣灵赐下后,才正式开始,因而逻辑上,天国的奠基先于新约教会的奠基。[34]“教会必须等耶稣进入弥赛亚的荣耀后才能开始,这是耶稣以未来的观点论到教会的唯一原因。”[35]从这个意义上,无论面对多大的逼迫和苦难,教会将永远存在,直到基督再来,因为教会的存在有着基督明确的应许:“我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上,阴间的权柄不能胜过他。”(太16:18)这一应许建立于一个对于今天的我们已经成就的历史事实:基督已经死了,复活了,天国已经奠基(太16:21[36]。基督是作为已经拥有天上地下所有权柄的天国君王,颁布建造教会的大使命(太28:18-20)。

其次,教会是天国子民在地上的聚集,并且天国是借着教会而在地上彰显其存在和权能的。霍志恒正确地指出:教会可以被称为神的国度,因为教会是天上国度在地上的彰显。“在第一句话中(指太16:18),这房屋被描述为正在建造中,而彼得是基石;在第二句话中,同一栋房屋已经建妥,而彼得领受管理房屋事务的钥匙。房屋的比喻在这两句话中显然不可能有两种意义。我们至少能断言,教会可以被称为国度。”[37]更准确地说,教会是天国子民在地上的聚集。这一方面建基于耶稣所使用的“ecclesia”这个词,“事实上,‘ecclesia’即是指国民的集会,用以讨论并执行国家的事务。”[38]但另一方面,这更是因为教会从旧约以来一直延续到新约中的基本概念并没有改变,那就是:教会一直都是圣约子民的聚集。然而,这一聚集,在新约中,相对于在旧约中,的确有了一个巨大的超越。在旧约中,正如之前所指出的,国度的子民是比教会更大的概念。然而,在新约中,因着基督的死与复活,因着天国真实的奠基和临在,天国在地上的彰显是与教会重合的。在马太福音16:18-19,教会与神国度在地上的部分是同一栋房屋,“在耶稣看来,地上国度和教会是相同的。”[39]这并非是说,国度与教会是完全对等的概念。国度是强调神借着中保基督在全地的统治,而教会则是这一神圣统治下国度子民的聚集和国度的彰显。然而,由于神的国度并非抽象的概念,基督中保性的王权和统治必须得到具体的彰显,这一彰显必然表现为基督招聚他的子民,并在子民身上展现国度的存在和权能。或者如瑞德鲍斯所说:“教会是国度彰显的果子,反之,国度没有教会是不可思议的。前者与后者是不可分割的,然而,前者也并没有并入后者。”[40] 如果说,旧约子民的教会,更多是以雏形和预尝的方式,部分经历神国度的荣耀临在和大能彰显。那么,新约子民的教会,则已经是在神国度真实的荣耀临在和大能彰显中。实际上,在地上神的国度与教会的重合是在基督里的。因为基督是国度的君王,按照旧约的概念,作为王,基督就等同于国度本身。[41]而新约教会则是基督的身体,是与基督联合,以基督为元首的教会,所以新约子民的教会,就不仅仅只是圣约子民的聚集,而更是作为所有恩约所指向的天国的子民的聚集。这一聚集,在基督再来之前,因着国度本身的末世性特征,是不完全的。所以,这一聚集仍然是良莠不齐,麦子和稗子混杂。然而,我们不可以因此就降低这一聚集的荣耀性、神圣性和国度临在的真实性。新约教会,是天国子民在天国不完全时,在地上的聚集,但不同于旧约子民的那种在雏形和预尝中的聚集,却是真实的天国子民的聚集,因为基督已经是教会的元首,因为教会已经与基督联合,因为国度就在基督里。新约教会,在基督里,有着天国真实的临在,是那充满万有者所充满的(弗1:23)。[42]
最后,有形教会并非只是无形国度唯一的外在显现,但天国在地上各个领域的彰显必定是借助教会的属灵牧养和治理工作。正如之前所强调的,基督的天国,从一开始就是统治所有领域的。已经奠基的天国,是囊括所有领域的天国。虽然在现阶段,天国在所有的领域都还不完全,但基督必然要求天国在各个领域开始彰显,这“并非是要将人类各种范围的生活都隶属于有形教会之下”[43],基督从来没有赋予有形教会在属灵牧养和治理之外的权柄,反而肯定有形教会、政府、家庭、工作等不同领域,在现阶段具有不同的职能和权柄。然而,如果教会是天国子民在地上的聚集,如果基督的天国已经囊括所有的领域,那么,我们同样也不可以将有形教会与其他领域的关系分得太开。实际上,如果耶稣对于天国的教训是囊括一切的,涉及家庭、工作、人际关系、政教关系等,而教会又被赋予了“凡我所吩咐你们的,都教训他们遵守”的使命(实际上,从旧约教会一开始,教会就被赋予了传讲和听见神的话的使命),那么,基督透过每一个天国子民在各个领域彰显天国,就必定是透过教会的属灵牧养和治理事工。因为所有的领域,与有形教会一样,都必须是以神的主权和荣耀为其支配原则时,才可以被认为是神国度的真实显现。[44]“但必须记得,唯有当这些范围跟有形教会一样,与‘透过神的灵超自然地赐下的重生能力’有生命的连结时,它们才有可能会接受这种支配原则。虽然我们可以区分出有形教会与其他的范畴——如基督化国家,基督化艺术,基督化科学等——这些范畴若真是属于神的国,其滋长必定是出自于无形教会的重生生命。”[45]而笔者必须强调,这种无形教会的重生生命,来自于基督借着圣灵、透过有形教会的属灵牧养和治理的事工。并且,作为已经得胜登基的天国君王,基督借着与教会联合,而在教会中神圣的临在、大能的彰显和权能的充满,也确保了有形教会牧养和治理事工的有效性。


[1] 原文直译是:“与圣徒同为国民”。

[2] Herman Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, trans. H. de Jongste, Philadelphia: P&R, 1962, p.335.

[3] Adolf Harnack, What is Christianity? trans. Thomas Bailey Saunders, New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1903, pp.52-60. 哈纳克并没有否认神的国具有另一种传统的犹太形式,即将神的国理解为一种将来的事件,神在地上建立完全的统治。然而,他认为,现今性、内在化的神的国概念,在基督的教训中占有最重要的地位。

[4] Ibid., pp.296-299.

[5] 乔治·赖德:《认识神的国》,林千俐译,台北:校园,2012年,第9页。

[6] Arthur G. Patzia, The Emergence of the Church: Context, Growth, Leadership & Worship, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2001, p.62.

[7] Herman Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.336.

[8] Ibid., p.342.

[9] 参看伯瑞特所写的《尊贵的设计》第一章。

[10] 神从来没有改变过他的计划,所以,当亚当堕落后,基督必定作为末后的亚当、完美的神的形像,最终带来神在全地的治理。

[11] “修理看守”在摩西五经中,后来是形容祭司和利未人在会幕中的服事。参看亚历山大(T. Desmond Alexander):《圣经神学导论:从伊甸到新耶路撒冷》,陈永财译,美国麦种传道会。

[12] 这里的微妙在于,“魔鬼的后裔与女人的后裔”彼此为仇应当理解为复数(罗16:20),而“他(女人的后裔)要伤魔鬼的头”则应当理解为单数(七十士译本很好地抓住了这里的微妙,在希腊文中σπέρμα 是中性词,其对应的代名词“它”也应当是中性词,但七十士译本却使用了不合乎语法的阳性代名词“他”αὐτός ,为的是表明,这里的“他”是特指一个人,而非作为一个抽象的集合名词“它”)。O. Palmer Robertson, The Christ of the Covenants, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R, 1980, pp.98-101. TWOT, p.253.

[13] W. J. Dumbrell, Covenant and Creation: A Theology of Old Testament Covenants, Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1984, p.120.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Edmund P. Clowney, The Church, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1995, p.192.

[16] 实际上,在教会出现后,圣约父母教导圣约孩童的责任被更大地强调(申6:4-7;弗6:4)。父母仍然是养育和教育孩子的首要责任人。

[17] 所以,当以赛亚先知预言外邦人与太监,将在弥赛亚国度来临时成为教会的一员来敬拜神,这对于以色列人是何等震惊的消息(赛56:1-7)。而这一切,都在使徒行传中得到了应验(徒8:26-4010:1-48)。

[18] 特别注意约书亚记1:1-9,这段经文是约书亚记的导言,甚至可以说整个约书亚记都是在印证这段导言的真实,特别注意那里神并没有说以色列人要遵守律法,以色列人要刚强壮胆,而是说你约书亚要谨守律法,要刚强壮胆,你必使百姓得到这地……

[19] 比较士师记第一章中各支派对所攻打之民的处置。

[20] 魏司坚(又译霍志恒):《耶稣对国度的教训》,任以撒译,台北:改革宗出版社,2010年,第20页。

[21] 同上,第31-34页。

[22] 同上,第56-57页。

[23] 霍志恒由于坚持神的国所具有的完美和绝对特征,而坚持认为神的国只是因着基督而带来,过去的圣约子民只是活在神的国的应许中。然而,笔者更认同过去的国度仍然是真实的神的国度,只不过是以影儿、预表、种子的形式存在的国度,它一方面并不等同于基督的国度,另一方面也的确与基督的国度存在着有机的联系。

[24] 同上,第35-49页。

[25] 同上,第48页。霍志恒明确指出:“古代神学将国度分为恩典的国度与荣耀的国度(笔者注:这是指威斯敏斯特小要理问答的教导),这是不恰当的。”

[26] 那种认为在现阶段,只有教会才是神的国,而其他公共领域仍然只是神本质性的国度的治理的“两国论”思想,必须诚实面对新约对于基督普遍性王权的教导的挑战(太28:18-20;腓2:9-11;弗1:21-23)。比如,著名圣经学者F. F. Bruce在注释以弗所书1:21-23如此说:“如此,基督正在施行各个领域的主权,特别地,神已经赐他作为‘万有之首’,也是教会的至高元首。”F. F. Bruce, The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, And to the Ephesians, NICNT, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984, p.274. 在现阶段,基督在地上所有的领域(包括教会和公共领域),都已经是王,他的国度已经临在;同时,基督在地上所有的领域(包括教会和公共领域),其王权并不完全,他的国度也并不完全。

[27] 同上,第114页。

[28] 同上,第58页。

[29] 同上。

[30] 教会中同样如此。那种试图革新教会到完美的地步,将所有未重生之人逐出教会,而使得教会在地上就成为真正重生之人的聚集的做法,同样需要被质疑。

[31] 耶稣教导信徒在世上活出盐和光的生命,是作为天国宪章的一部分,是对天国子民的要求,而非如一些改革宗学者所说的那样,只是尽到地上公民的责任。同样的,马太福音5:44-47也必须放在天国成就的大背景下来讨论,而非脱离上下文的诉诸于神的本质性国度的治理。

[32] 由于天主教坚持“磐石”是指彼得,所以改教家常常会采用另外的解释,比如路德将“磐石”解释为基督,加尔文则将“磐石”解释为彼得的认信。然而,正如当代不少圣经学者所指出的,这里最好的解释,还是将其理解为“认信的彼得”(弗2:20)。这并不是说,彼得自己有权威,彼得的权威唯独来自于他的认信。在下文中,当彼得对耶稣的启示采取了错误的回应,他被耶稣斥责为“撒但”(太16:23)。

[33] “基督”是特别指向天国的君王的,“神的儿子”在这里并非是指三一神的第二个位格,而是指向大卫的后裔,那位将要成为神儿子的人(路4:41)。亚当最初被称作为“神的儿子”(路3:38),表明亚当在犯罪堕落前,也与神具有一种亲密的、生命的关系,如同人类的父子关系。但是当亚当堕落以后,亚当不再被称作“神的儿子”,而是受咒诅,是尘土,也要归于尘土(创3:19)。直到神特别拣选了以色列这个民族,当他透过摩西要带领以色列人离开埃及时,神称整个以色列民族为他的儿子(出4:22-23),这表明神与整个以色列民族建立亚当堕落后所失落的那种亲密的生命的关系。然而,整个以色列民族却因为背道而没有真正与神建立这种生命的关系,直到大卫时期,神应许大卫,将来他必有一个后裔将要成为“神的儿子”,他与神之间会有一种亲密的生命的关系,他要建立永远的神的国度和永恒的圣殿(代上17:11-14),那么,什么时候他会成为“神的儿子”,即作王掌权的弥赛亚呢?是一个“今日生你”的时候(诗2:6-9),那么“生你的今日”是哪个日子呢?其实就是耶稣复活的日子(徒13:33;罗1:2-4),当耶稣复活的时候,他成为那末后的亚当(林前15:45),成为第一个承受神国的人,也是神国的君王。复活成了耶稣掌权作王的记号,也是他永远与神有这种永恒同在的亲密生命关系的记号。当我们与复活的基督联合时,我们也成为承受神国的人,成为新人,也就成为神的儿子。换句话说,基督是为我们而被接纳成为神的儿子,这也成为所有与他联合的信徒得儿子名分的基础。实际上,对观福音书(写作于主后60年代)正是从这个角度来思考“神的儿子”的(路4:41,注意这里“神的儿子”就等同于“基督”)。二十多年后,约翰在约翰福音一开始则进一步告诉教会,耶稣不只是在复活后“成为”神的儿子,实际上,他就是那“与神同在,就是神”的道,在他道成肉身之前,他在永恒中就是“神独一无二的儿子”(约1:11418)。约翰让我们进一步认识基督的神性,表明基督乃是以永恒中神独一无二的儿子身份进入到时空界,成为一个在律法之下被咒诅的人,却透过他的降卑与升高,赚取了神的儿子的身份。对于我们这些处在律法咒诅之下的人而言,这正是福音,透过与复活的基督联合,我们也成为了天国中的神的儿子。

[34] Herman Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.354.

[35] 魏司坚:《耶稣对国度的教训》,第104页。

[36] 同上,霍志恒正确地指出,这也是为何基督在宣布要建立他的教会后,“从此,耶稣才指示门徒,他必须上耶路撒冷去,受长老、祭司长、文士许多的苦,并且被杀,第三日复活。”

[37] 同上,第106页。

[38] 同上,第107页。

[39] 同上,第106页。瑞德鲍斯得出了同样的结论:“毫无疑问,这也是为何国度是在教会中展现,即在其救赎的重要性上,以及在所有应许的恩赐与丰富上,这些恩赐和丰富现在已经在基督里,也借着基督被赐予了。”Herman Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.355.

[40] Herman Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.355.

[41] 将王与国家等同,是旧约的概念。比如在但以理书7章,王(7:17)就等同于国家(7:23)。

[42] 我们一方面不能因着过于强调天国在现阶段的已然性,而将教会与基督等同;但同样的,我们也绝对不能因着过于强调天国在现阶段的未然性,而将教会与基督分离。这一点尤其表现在,当保罗逼迫教会时,耶稣没有说,你为什么逼迫我的教会,而是说,你为什么逼迫我(徒9:4)。

[43] 魏司坚:《耶稣对国度的教训》,第114页。

[44] 同上,第115页。

[45] 同上。

2018-05-15


教会与天国的关系——瑞德鲍斯与魏司坚观点之对比呈现 Churchand Kingdom according to Herman Ridderbos and Geerhardus Vos

/Daniel Ragusa    /恩静  /尘觌

瑞德鲍斯论教会与天国的关系

围绕天国与教会关系的问题产生的复杂性,主要是由于定义上的不同。因此在阐述赫尔曼·瑞德鲍斯(Herman Ridderbos1909-2007)关于福音书的权威著作《天国的降临》(The Coming of the Kingdom)中的观点前,我们先来看看他对教会和天国的定义。
The complexity revolving around the question of the relationship between the kingdom and the church is largely due to varying definitions. So before setting forth Herman Ridderbos’ formulation in his magisterial work on the gospels, The Coming of the Kingdom, we’ll first consider his definition of the church and the kingdom.

教会的定义
The Church Defined

瑞德鲍斯将教会(ekklesia)简明扼要地定义为“藉着福音的宣讲而联合于一个共同体的人们。”[1]换句话说,教会是神的子民,藉着道和圣灵被呼召出来,成为一个单独的聚集。尽管耶稣并不常用“教会”这个词(参太16:1818:17),但用瑞德鲍斯的话说,教会的概念是“在耶稣的传道和自我启示中的一个非常本质的要素”。[2]那么问题来了:在耶稣的教导中,教会的概念源于何处?
Ridderbos succinctly defines the church (Gk. ekklesia) as “the name of those who have been united into one community by the preaching of the gospel.”[i] In other words, the church is the people of God who have been called out to a single assembly by means of the Word and Spirit. Although Jesus does not use the term “church” often (cf. Matt. 16:18; 18:17), the idea of the church, according to Ridderbos, is “a very essential element in the scope of Jesus’ preaching and self-revelation.”[ii] This raises the question: where did this idea of the church in Jesus’ teaching originate from?

对此,学者们曾诉诸但以理书第7章中“人子”这一象征性的表达(它指向“至高者的圣民”)[3],还有以色列的“余民”(参赛10:22及以下)。尽管瑞德鲍斯未必反对这些关联,但对于寻找耶稣教导中教会概念的源头来说,他认为这些切入点是多余的。[4]他反倒主张说:“在耶稣对天国(basileia)的弥赛亚式宣讲中,神的子民这一概念有更普遍的基础。……虽然这一概念或许也能从那些特殊关联中貌似合理地建立起来,但相比之下,神的子民这一概念在耶稣宣讲中的地位要核心得多。”[5]
Scholars have appealed to the Son of Man’s symbolic representation of “the people of the saints of the Most High” in Daniel 7[iii] and “the remnant” of the people of Israel (cf. Isa. 10:22ff). But Ridderbos (though not necessarily rejecting these connections) sees them as superfluous starting points for the origination of the idea in Jesus’ teaching.[iv] Instead, he argues, “The idea of God’s people has a much more general foundation in Jesus’ messianic preaching of the basileia [kingdom]. … [It] occupies a much more central place in it than can be made plausible on the ground of such special connections.”[v]

他接着提出了三个基础,认为将教会的概念建立其上更为合适。
He goes on to provide three grounds that he finds more suitable on which to build the idea of the church.

首先,有一个“关于弥赛亚的先验观点”:弥赛亚必须拥有一群子民——“神国的共同体”。他必须代表他们,认同他们,并与他们联合。对于这个群体,他会在他父的面前认他们(太10:32-33),他称他们为自己的弟兄(太12:5025:40),他们是新郎的陪伴之人(太9:15)。正因这缘故,耶稣说“我的教会”(太16:18)——“弥赛亚论到这个群体时,称它为‘我的’。他已将恩典赐给它,并且统管它。”[6]天国已经来到的这一事实,意味着这个群体不是纯粹末世性的存在,而是当下的现实,甚至今天它也依然正处于被收聚为一的过程中(参太10:34-38,12:30;可9:40;路9:5011:2312:51-53)。
First, there is “the a priori messianic viewpoint.” The Messiah must have a people, “a kingdom-of-God-community.” He must act for, answer to and be united with a people—a people whom he will confess before his Father (Matt 10:32–33), whom he calls his brothers (12:50; 25:40) and who are children of the messianic bridegroom (9:15). It is for this reason Jesus says, “my church” (Matt. 16:18)—“it is the ‘my’ of the Messiah speaking of the people to whom he has given his grace and whom he rules.”[vi] The fact that the kingdom has come, means that this people is not a purely eschatological entity, but a present reality that is being gathered even today (cf. Matt. 10:34–38; 12:30; Mark 9:40; Luke 9:50; 11:23; 12:51–53).

其次,以色列拒绝了弥赛亚,结果随之而来的是“神子民的重新组建”,这件事“已随着耶稣的初临而开始实现”。作为神子民的以色列之拒绝,可见于凶恶园户的比喻(太21:33-44;参考赛5:2)。以色列自己拒绝耶稣作弥赛亚,这促使神的国从他们夺去,赐给那“能结果子的百姓”(太21:43)。“这里的‘百姓’……(的意思是)神的新子民,神要越过旧以色列,将天国的救赎赐给他们。”瑞德鲍斯发现,这里的两个概念——神的国以及弥赛亚对神的新子民的招聚,是显而易见的。“天国的救赎指向一群百姓的形成,他们将在救赎历史中取代以色列。”[7]耶稣招聚十二门徒形成新以色列(即神的新子民)的核心或者说基础,这一事实也是对上述要点的进一步论证。这里瑞德鲍斯试图阐述的观点是,耶稣的弥赛亚使命实际上是被“神的新子民(即他的教会)之形成”这一计划所引导和决定。
Second, Israel’s rejection of the Messiah warrants “the concomitant new formation of God’s people”—something that “has already begun to be realized with the coming of Jesus.” The rejection of Israel as the people of God is seen in the parable of the wicked tenants (Matt. 21:33–44; cf. Isa. 5:2). Israel’s own rejection of Jesus as the Messiah catalyzes the ripping of the kingdom from their possession and the giving of the kingdom to “a people producing its fruits” (Matt. 25:43). “By this ‘people’ is… [meant] the new people of God to whom, in passing over the old Israel, he will give the salvation of the kingdom.” Ridderbos recognizes that here the two concepts—the kingdom of God and the gathering of a new people of God by the Messiah—are apparent. “The revelation of the kingdom is directed to the formation of a people that will replace Israel in the history of salvation.”[vii] This finds further support in the fact that Jesus gathers twelve disciples to form the nucleus or foundation of the new Israel, the new people of God. The point Ridderbos seeks to make here is that Jesus’ messianic mission was, in fact, directed and determined by this idea of forming the new people of God, his church.

第三,教会的概念源于“约以及神的子民这两个基本主题”。这一点可见于教会(ekklesia)的定义——“圣约子民的聚集”。[8]这些属于圣约之主的人,是弥赛亚的子民,反之亦然。
Third, the idea of the church arises from “the basic motif of the covenant and of the people of God.” This is found in the definition of ekklesia as “the gathering together of the people of the divine covenant.”[viii] These people who belong to the Covenant Lord are the people of the Messiah and vice-versa.

这三点观察,使瑞德鲍斯将教会定义为:“神的真子民的共同体,因弥赛亚的初临,现已暂时领受了天上国度的恩赐,并在人子再临之日达至完全。”换句话说,“教会(ekklesia)是被神拣选呼召以承受天国(basileia)福分的一群人”。[9]
These three observations lead Ridderbos to define the church asthe community of those who, as the true people of God, receive the gifts of the kingdom of heaven provisionally now already since the Messiah has come, and one day in the state of perfection at the parousia of the Son of Man.” In other words, “the ekklesia is the people elected and called by God and sharing in the bliss of the basileia.[ix]

天国的定义
The Kingdom Defined

瑞德鲍斯将天国定义为“神荣耀的彰显(太16:2724:30;可8:3813:26 等)”。瑞德鲍斯注意到,basileia可被译为“国度”(kingdom)、“王位”(kingship)或“王权”(kingly dominion);比起王权内涵,其空间内涵被看作次要。由此,瑞德鲍斯主张,神的国有“个人化的内涵”,因为它是“神自己作为君王的临在”。他以天国的比喻为论据,因为处于那些比喻的中心位置的,永远是一个有位格的存在,而不是某种静态的、非人格的力量(参太13:24及以下,18:23及以下,20:1及以下,21:33及以下,22:1及以下,25:14及以下)。这与旧约中的观念——国度的来到表现为某个人(一般被设想为弥赛亚)的来到,是一致的。[10]然而,王权也要求必须创造或维护一块土地,好在其上施行这权柄,这样“国度”(kingdom)就是basileia的一个合理的译法。因此,天国的降临既有空间(土地)内涵,又有伦理(王权)内涵。
The kingdom is defined by Ridderbos as “the revelation of God’s glory (Matt. 16:27; 24:30; Mark 8:38; 13:26, etc.).” Ridderbos notes that basileia can be translated as “kingdom,” “kingship,” and “kingly dominion.” The spatial interpretation is to be seen as secondary to the kingly dominion sense. From here Ridderbos argues that the kingdom of God has a “personal connotation” for it is “the coming of God himself as king.” He appeals to the parables of the kingdom for support since a personal character always stands at the center of them, not some static, impersonal force (cf. Matt. 13:24ff; 18:23ff; 20:1ff; 21:33ff; 22:1ff; 25:14ff). This is consistent with the Old Testament conception of the coming of the kingdom as a coming of a person, generally conceived of as the Messiah.[x] Nevertheless, dominion must create or maintain a territory where it can operate, which makes “kingdom” a legitimate translation of basileia. Therefore, the coming of the kingdom has both a spatial (a territory) and an ethical (a power of dominion) connotation.

在耶稣的降临中,天国被展现为:1)能力,这能力见于耶稣的神迹以及撒但统治的败落,这能力带来审判与拯救,以及创造秩序的恢复;2)拯救的信息,这信息向着灵里贫穷的人宣讲;3)恩赐,神的百姓(即教会)在这恩赐中欢喜快乐。总之,“天国是伟大神圣的救赎之工,在基督里成就和完全”。[11]
In Jesus’ coming, the kingdom is revealed as (1) a power seen in Jesus’ miracles and ruination of Satan’s reign that brings judgment, salvation, and restoration to the created order, (2) a message of salvation that is preached to the poor in spirit, and (3) a gift that the people of God, the church, may delight in. In summary, “the basileia is the great divine work of salvation in its fulfillment and consummation in Christ.”[xi]

现在出现在我们面前的问题是:教会——被神拣选呼召的子民,与国度——伟大神圣的救赎之工,它们之间的关系如何?
The question that now presents itself to us is: How does the church, the people elected and called by God, relate to the kingdom, the great divine work of salvation?

天国与教会相辅相成
The Kingdom and the Church are Complementary

瑞德鲍斯坚决强调,天国与教会不能等同起来。他写道:“国度(basileia)的概念,既没有在教会(ekklesia)一词含义的层面上出现过……(也没有)在‘神的国暂时彰显于地上时,以教会的形式和组织被具体化’这一层面上使用过。”[12]
Ridderbos strongly stresses that the kingdom is not to be identified with the church. He writes, “The concept basileia nowhere occurs in the sense of this idea of the ekklesia … [nor is it] used in the sense that the kingdom of God in its provisional manifestation on earth would be embodied in the form and organization of the church.”[xii]

但是,一直以福音为中心的那些天国比喻(例如太13),似乎暗示了教会的到来。加尔文甚至试图将其中一些比喻(例如麦子与稗子、撒网等比喻)应用在教会上。面对这些比喻时,常出现的说法是“教会中恶人与义人混杂并存”。在这些比喻的当代解读中,这种应用仍十分常见。然而,瑞德鲍斯反对这种不够细致的应用,因为“义人与恶人一齐生长之处,乃是世界”,而不是教会。这些比喻涉及的范围广得多,涵盖了“宇宙性的神圣救赎之工”;将它们限定在教会上,乃是不恰当地窄化了它们。这倒不意味着必须排除教会,因为正如瑞德鲍斯评论的那样,“这一进程把‘对一切承受天国之人的拯救’也包括在内”。[13]
However, the kingdom parables (e.g., Matt. 13), which keep the gospel central, seem to suggest the coming of the church. Calvin even tried to apply some of them to the church (e.g., the wheat and tares and the fishing net). The issue that is often at hand when these parables are taken up is the “mingling of the wicked and the good in the church.” This application is still widely popular in contemporary interpretation of the parables. However, Ridderbos rejects such un-nuanced application since “the field in which the wicked and good are growing up in together is the world,” not the church. The parables are much more broad, encompassing “the universal work of the divine salvation.” To limit them to the church is to unduly narrow them. This does not necessarily have to exclude the church, for, as Ridderbos comments, “this progress includes the salvation of all those who will inherit the kingdom.”[xiii]

那么,对瑞德鲍斯来说,若是考虑天国与教会的下述联系与区别,它们的关系就清楚了:
For Ridderbos, then, the relationship between the kingdom and the church is clear with regard to their connections and differences:

天国(basileia)是伟大神圣的救赎之工,在基督里成就和完全;教会(ekklesia)是被神拣选呼召以承受天国(basileia)福分的一群人。逻辑上讲,在前的是天国,而不是教会。因此,前者包含的内容全面得多。它(天国)展现的角度包罗万象,它代表全部历史的完成、带来恩典与审判、拥有宇宙性的维度、遍及时间与永恒。在这一切中,教会(ekklesia)乃是这样的一群人,他们已在这部伟大的戏剧中,藉着神的拣选与盟约,在基督里被置于神这一边。他们已被赐予神的应许,他们已藉福音的宣讲而被显明和招聚,他们要承受天国的救赎——既在当下,也在那伟大的将来。[14]
The basileia is the great divine work of salvation in its fulfillment and consummation in Christ; the ekklesia is the people elected and called by God and sharing in the bliss of the basileia. Logically, the basileia ranks first, and not the ekklesia. The former, therefore, has a much more comprehensive content. It [the kingdom] represents the all-embracing perspective, it denotes the consummation of all history, brings both grace and judgment, has cosmic dimensions, fills time and eternity. The ekklesia in all this is the people who in this great drama have been placed on the side of God in Christ by virtue of the divine election and covenant. They have been given the divine promise, have been brought to manifestation and gathered together by the preaching of the gospel, and will inherit the redemption of the kingdom now and in the great future.[xiv]

随着耶稣来到,天国被展现为权能、信息与恩赐。然后,天国被教会所展现,展现在其“救赎的意义”上,展现在那些“在基督里且通过基督现已应许并赐下的一切恩赐和财宝”上。教会是天国的“救赎性的目标……只涉及到人类”。天国带来的救赎是世界性的、宇宙性的,在咒诅尚存的一切地方恢复一切受造,“这其中也包括教会自己”。[15]换句话说,教会对天国的展现,并非全部,而只是部分;比起教会,天国所涵盖的内容多很多。
In Jesus’ coming, the kingdom is revealed as a power, message, and gift. The church, then, reveals the kingdom “in its redeeming and saving significance, in all the gifts and treasures promised and granted now already in and through Christ.” The church is “as far as humanity is concerned… the soteriological goal” of the kingdom. The salvation that the kingdom is bringing is universal and cosmic, restoring all of creation as far as curse is found, “in which the church is herself included.”[xv] That is to say, the church does not reveal the kingdom comprehensively, only in part—the kingdom is far more encompassing than the church.

教会与天国并非彼此对立、无法并存。不过,他们也不该被解释成一回事。天国带来的救赎“兼有弥赛亚式的特征及历史性的特征”。弥赛亚必须有子民,并且因为天国在历史中正在实现,所以教会有着当下的、历史性的特征。“教会是天国之彰显的果子;反之,没有教会,天国便无法想象。它们密不可分,但它们也互不混淆。”[16]天国拥有宇宙性的范围,教会在其中分享它,却永远不能涵盖它。教会是天国的果子,而不是天国本身。雷蒙德·佐恩(Raymond Zorn)在他的一本有益的书《基督得胜:圣经对基督的教会和国度的观点》(Christ Triumphant: Biblical Perspectives on His Church and Kingdom)中,与瑞德鲍斯如出一辙地写道:“教会可以在天国中找到,但并非与天国同延(co-extensive)。”[17]
The church and the kingdom do not oppose one another, as if only one can exist, but neither are they to be construed as identical. The salvation that the kingdom brings “bears both a messianic and a historical character.” The Messiah must have a people and since the kingdom is already being realized in history, the church takes on a present, historical nature. “The ekklesia is the fruit of the revelation of the basileia; and conversely, the basileia is inconceivable without the ekklesia. The one is inseparable from the other without, however, the one merging into the other.”[xvi] The kingdom has a universal scope in which the church shares but which she never encompasses. The church is the fruit of the kingdom, not the kingdom itself. Raymond Zorn, in his helpful book, Christ Triumphant: Biblical Perspectives on his Church and Kingdom, writes in agreement with Ridderbos, “The church is to be found within the kingdom but is not co-extensive with it.”[xvii]

小结
Conclusion

瑞德鲍斯从天国的角度阐述了教会,由此引出以下三个结论。首先,教会是共同体,等候天国救赎的彻底完成。其次,教会是“(天国的)恩赐和权能被赐予和领受”的地方。第三,教会是天国的工具,因为她认信耶稣是基督,遵守他的命令,通过将福音传到地极而完成大使命。因此“在各个方面,教会被彰显、被历史进程、被神国的未来所围绕和推动,然而它本身并不是天国,也从未与天国混为一谈”。[18]
Ridderbos’ formulation of the church from the viewpoint of the kingdom leads to three conclusions. First, the church is the community that awaits the full salvation of the kingdom. Second, it is the place where “the gifts and powers of the [kingdom] are granted and received.” Third, it is the instrument of the kingdom as she professes Jesus as the Christ, obeys his commandments, and fulfills the Great Commission by preaching the gospel to the ends of the earth. “In every respect,” then, “the church is surrounded and impelled by the revelation, the progress, the future of the kingdom of God without, however, itself being the basileia, and without ever being identified with it.”[xviii]

魏司坚论教会与天国的关系
The Relationship between Church and Kingdom according to Geerhardus Vos

用魏司坚(Geerhardus Vos1862-1949)的话来说,天国与教会的关系,是一个“微妙而又特别实际的问题”。[19]事实上,教会界对这一关系的解释众说纷纭,由此已产生出不同的教会论。[20]这个问题至少对于理解教会的身份和使命有意义,因此为解决它而下大功夫是非常值得的。瑞德鲍斯和魏司坚两位杰出的神学家对此已有深入研究。
The relationship between the kingdom of God and the church, in the words of Geerhardus Vos, is a “delicate and eminently practical question.”[i] In fact, different ecclesiologies have even arisen because of the various ways the church has construed this relationship.[ii] It has implications for the church’s identity and mission (to say the least), which makes it a question well worth wrestling with. Two prominent theologians who have done just this are Herman Ridderbos (1909–2007) and Geerhardus Vos (1862–1949).

瑞德鲍斯和魏司坚写作的时期,正值自由主义以及“唯独末世论”(exclusive eschatology)(或“过度实现的末世论”(over-realized eschatology))试图将圣经提供的天国与教会之关系的整全图谱在现今及未来的维度上掐头去尾。[21]魏司坚在他的文章《神的国》(The Kingdom of God)中写道:
Ridderbos and Vos wrote in a theological climate in which liberalism and exclusive (or over-realized) eschatology looked to reduce on opposite ends of the spectrum the wholesome picture the Scriptures provide regarding the relationship between the kingdom and the church in their present and future dimensions.[iii] Vos writes in his article, “The Kingdom of God,”

(耶稣)所讲的天国,是否指事物在外在形式上突然实现的一种新状态?……抑或是指……一个属灵创造,它以无形的方式逐渐实现自己?为方便起见,可将这两种观念分别称为‘末世论的’和‘属灵有机的’。……现代的著作将它们轮流推向极端,使它们彼此互斥。目前的趋势……是认为(耶稣的)天国观念基本上是末世论的。而另一方面……相反的趋势也出现了,即尽可能抹除末世论要素,认为耶稣所说的天国,是彻底属灵内在的天国。(《短文集》,第307页)
“Did [Jesus] mean by the kingdom a new state of things suddenly to be realized in external forms … or did He mean by it … a spiritual creation gradually realizing itself in invisible ways? For convenience sake these two conceptions may be distinguished as the eschatological and the spiritual-organic conception. … In modern writings both have in turn been pushed to an extreme in which they become exclusive of the other. The tendency at present … is to make [Jesus’] conception of the kingdom largely eschatological. On the other hand … the opposite tendency appears, viz., to eliminate as much as possible the eschatological elements and ascribe to Him the idea of a kingdom entirely spiritual and internal” (Shorter Writings, 307).

类似地,瑞德鲍斯发现:
Likewise, Ridderbos observes,

自由派神学宣称,教会——具有某种组织性的信徒的有形聚集——彻底落在了耶稣的视线之外。耶稣只不过是要成为‘内心的’宗教的先知……按(‘唯独末世论’的)解释,耶稣绝不可能考虑给教会生活及教会组织留出空间的某种地上的发展。(《天国的降临》,第335-336页)
“The liberal theology asserted that, as a visible gathering of believers with a certain amount of organization, the church lay entirely outside the field of Jesus’ vision. Jesus was only supposed to be the prophet of the “inner” religion. … According to [the eschatological] interpretation, it is quite out of the question that Jesus took account of an earthly development in which there would be room for the life of a church and for its organization” (The Coming of the Kingdom, 335–36).

自由主义企图清除一切未来的方面,建立一个纯粹内心的宗教,取消有组织的教会的必要性;而“唯独末世论”企图将天国降格为只关乎未来,并没有涉及任何当下的“闯入”,结果就是教会与天国并不相干。在两种情况下,教会都失掉了身份和使命。在自由主义中,教会不过是一种社会现象。在“唯独末世论”的阵营中,教会是那要来的天国失败了的结果。[22]耶稣宣讲的是天国,到来的却是教会。[23]
While liberalism sought to remove all future aspects to form an exclusively internal heart religion making the organized church unnecessary, exclusive eschatology sought to relegate the kingdom only to the future without any present intrusion of it so that the church and kingdom are unrelated. In either case, the church lost its identity and mission. In liberalism, the church simply became a sociological phenomenon. In the exclusive eschatology camp, the church became the consequence of the failure of the kingdom to come.[iv] Jesus preached the kingdom, but what came instead was the church.[v]

瑞德鲍斯和魏司坚试图站在中间立场,将天国和教会置于“已然未然”的范式中,从而恰当地考虑了二者在当下及未来的两个维度。在前面,我们已思考过瑞德鲍斯的陈述,现在我们转向魏司坚的那稍稍不同的进路,他的观点大体可以在他那本很棒的书《耶稣对天国和教会的教训》里找到。
Ridderbos and Vos sought to set forth mediating positions that properly took into account the present and future dimensions of the kingdom and church by setting them within an already-not yet paradigm. In a previous article we considered Ridderbos’ formulation, so now we turn to the slightly different approach of Vos, primarily found in his excellent book The Teaching of Jesus Concerning the Kingdom of God and the Church.

天国与教会的定义
The Kingdom and the Church Defined

魏司坚写道:“当耶稣藉他的死和复活而进入弥赛亚职分的新阶段时,天国便以教会的形式展现出来。”他还说:“教会就是那新的会众,取代了以色列旧会众,由耶稣作为弥赛亚而设立,并处于他的弥赛亚统治之下。”[24]直到耶稣的死亡、埋葬、复活都已成就,并且随后作为弥赛亚被高举到父右边,这会众才真正开始(参考徒2:36)。
Vos writes, “The church is a form which the kingdom assumes in result of the new stage upon which the messiahship of Jesus enters with his death and resurrection.” Also, he states, “The church is that new congregation taking the place of the old congregation of Israel, which is formed by Jesus as the Messiah and stands under his Messianic rule.”[vi] This congregation could not begin until Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection were accomplished and he was subsequently exalted to the Father’s right hand as the Messiah (cf. Acts 2:36).

与瑞德鲍斯不同,魏司坚并不认为“共同体”这一要素被排除在天国的定义外。他写道:“天国确实是一个共同体,其中的人们被最紧密的纽带连结在一起。在联系到主关于教会的教导时,这一点(即天国的共同体特征)尤其被表达出来。”[25]但他也澄清说,天国并不限于这一要素;实际上,他承认天国的这个方面在耶稣的教导中鲜被强调(参太13:24-30, 47-50)。他进一步说道,这个方面“并不是根本性的,因为天国的形成,并不在于人的联合本身,而在于神;这共同体乃是被他所造,且以他为根基”。[26]
Vos, unlike Ridderbos, does not see the element of community as foreign to the definition of the kingdom. He writes, “The kingdom is indeed a community in which men are knit together by the closest of bonds, and especially in connection with our Lord’s teaching on the church this is brought out.”[vii] He clarifies though that the kingdom is not limited to this; in fact, he recognizes that this aspect of the kingdom receives little emphasis in Jesus’ teaching (cf. Matt. 13:24–30, 47–50). He goes as far to say that this aspect “is not ultimate because not the union of men as such, but that in God which produces and underlies it, is the true kingdom-forming principle.”[viii]

天国不仅存在于“神的至高之处(因为实际上,在一切时候、一切情形下这都是事实),也存在于神超自然地向一切敌对势力施行至高主权,并引人甘心承认他主权的地方。这是事物的一种状态,在此状态中,一切都汇集于、趋向于神这一位至高美善者”。在天国这范围内的,是神圣的能力、神圣的公义、被神圣赐予的福气。天国“在它赖以建立的那些作为中”将自己显为能力,“在它所处的伦理秩序中”将自己显为公义,“在它里面供人享受的那些属灵福气、特权、欢喜中”将自己显为福气。[27]
The kingdom exists not merely where “God is supreme, for that is true at all times and under all circumstances, but where God supernaturally carries through his supremacy against all opposing powers and brings man to the willing recognition of the same. It is a state of things in which everything converges and tends towards God as the highest good.” Within this sphere of the kingdom is divine power, divine righteousness, and divinely bestowed blessedness. The kingdom reveals itself as power “in the acts by which [it] is established,” as righteousness “in the moral order under which it exists,” and as blessedness “in the spiritual blessings, privileges and delights that are enjoyed in it.”[ix]

马太福音16:18-1918:17中的教会,以及天国的钥匙
The Church and the Keys of the Kingdom in Matthew 16:18–19 and 18:17

根据魏司坚所说,马太福音16:18论到教会时“很明确是为了将它作为一件新事引入,描绘它的特征,以及定义它与天国的关系”。这个新启示的时机,乃是彼得认耶稣是基督,他与弃绝耶稣的众人形成强烈的对比。“正是这坚如磐石的品格……为耶稣所赞扬。当其他人摇摆不定时,他却一直忠于自己的认信。”[28]
Matthew 16:18, according to Vos, deals with the church “for the express purpose of introducing it as something new, of describing its character and defining its relation to the kingdom.” The occasion for this new revelation was Peter’s confession of Jesus being the Christ, which stood in stark contrast to the multitude who abandoned him. “It is this rock-character … that is praised by Jesus, that, when others wavered, he had remained true to his conviction.”[x]

把天国的钥匙“给教会的磐石彼得(因此也是给教会)”,并不意味着他(或教会)“以某种方式被赐予权柄打开或关闭天国的大门”。假如这样解读,就是把教会当作天国的守门人。然而,“捆绑和释放并不是针对天堂本身,仿佛天堂被关闭或打开,而是针对天堂范围内的某些事物,并且不单论到天上,也论到地上”。魏司坚主张,这钥匙不是外门的钥匙,而是全房的钥匙。这里的教会并不是被当作守门人,而是“房屋的管家,因此总的来说象征着对房屋事务的管理”。[29]
The giving of the keys of the kingdom to Peter, “as the foundation of the church, and therefore to the church,” does not mean that he (or the church) “had been given the power in some way or other to open and shut the gates of the heavenly kingdom.” This interpretation would make the church the gatekeeper of the kingdom. “The binding and loosing do not refer to heaven itself, as if heaven were shut or opened, but refer to certain things lying within the sphere of heaven, and not of heaven alone but of earth likewise.” Vos argues that the keys are not to the outer door, but to the entire house. The church is not here referred to as a gatekeeper, but “the house-steward, and therefore symbolize the administration of the affairs of the house in general.”[xi]

根据这一关系,魏司坚认为天国“至少部分地存在于地上”。钥匙是天国的钥匙,但他们是在地上捆绑和释放。因此彼得“在地上对天国所施行的治理,在天上也会被认可”。[30]魏司坚认为耶稣的这两个陈述——“你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上”(太16:18)和“我要把天国的钥匙给你”(太16:19),它们有相同的所指或者说喻象——也就是房屋。他写道:
From this relationship, Vos sees the kingdom of heaven “existing, in part at least, on earth.” The keys are of the kingdom of heaven, but they bind and loose on earth. So what Peter “does in the administration of the kingdom here below will be recognized in heaven.”[xii] Vos sees the two statements of Jesus (“You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church” [Matt. 16:18] and “I will give you [Peter] the keys of the kingdom of heaven” [Matt. 16:19]) as having the same referent or figure, namely, that of the house. He writes,

首先,房屋表现为“建造中”,而彼得是基石;然后,同一个房屋表现为“已完工”,而彼得领受房屋的钥匙以管理其事务。房屋的喻象不可能在前面是一个意思,在后面却是另一个意思。我们至少有把握断言:教会可以被称为天国。[31]
First the house is represented as in process of building, Peter as the foundation, then the same house appears completed and Peter as invested with the keys for administering its affairs. It is plainly excluded that the house should mean one thing in the first statement and another in the second. It must be possible, this much we may confidently affirm, to call the church the kingdom.[xiii]

以上提供了解经方面的基础,从中他表达出天国与教会的同一性。
This provides the exegetical ground from which he formulates the relationship between the kingdom and the church as being identical.

天国与教会的同一性
The Kingdom and the Church are Identical

魏司坚主张,在耶稣较早的教导中,关于天国是由人构成的有机体、是教会,这样一种观点已初露端倪。他认为:“像马太福音20:25、马可福音9:35、路加福音20:25等处的教导至少暗示:天国是一个社群。”根据魏司坚的说法,耶稣所招聚的门徒共同体,正是神的国始终意图成为的样子,即人的聚集。麦子和稗子的比喻(太13:24-30, 36-43),以及撒网的比喻(太13:47-50),都支持这一观点。“‘人子的国度’相当于‘耶稣的教会’,因为这两个短语都将天国看作一群在弥赛亚统治下的人。”假如这始终是天国的意图,那么这外在有形的教会就显然是天国的一种进展,因为天国原先一直只是内在无形的。魏司坚据此认为,这一进展“肯定不仅仅在于‘天国就是一群门徒’,而在于这之外的别的东西”。
Vos argues that Jesus’ view of the kingdom as an organism of men, a church, is found subtly in his earlier teaching. He maintains that “sayings like Matt. 20:25; Mark 9:35; Luke 20:25, at least suggest the idea of the kingdom as a society.” Jesus’ gathering of the disciples, according to Vos, is what the kingdom of God was always intended to be, namely, an aggregate of men. This is supported by the parables of the wheat and the chaff (Matt. 13:24–30, 36–43) and the fishnet (Matt. 13:47–50). “This ‘kingdom of the Son of man’ agrees with the ‘church of Jesus,’ in that both phrases make the kingdom a body of men placed under the Messiah as their ruler.” If such was always the intention of the kingdom, then the church, being external and visible, is clearly an advancement of it since it only previously had been internal and invisible. For this reason, Vos argues that the advance “must be sought in something else than the mere fact of its being a body of disciples.”

对此,他提出两点。首先,拒绝弥赛亚的旧约教会必须被取代,“(天国)因此获得某种外在组织的形式”。[32]魏司坚接着说:
He puts forth two points concerning this. First, the Old Testament church that rejected the Messiah must be replaced and “therefore receive some form of external organization.”[xiv] Vos continues,

这一要素(即外在组织),是天国此前从未拥有的。天国非但在本质上是内在无形的,而且这种本质此前从未拥有外在形体。耶稣现在却提及房屋和它的钥匙,提及地上的捆绑与释放,并提及教会纪律,为加诸形体做准备。[33]
This [viz., external organization] the kingdom had not hitherto possessed. It had been internal and invisible not merely in its essence, but to this essence there had been lacking the outward embodiment. Jesus now in speaking of the house and the keys of the house, of binding and loosing on earth, and of church discipline, makes provision for this.[xv]

其次,魏司坚主张:“我们的主让我们明白,他的弥赛亚身份现在要进入新阶段,给天国带来全新流入的超自然的权能,从中既外在而又内在地创造出被他称为‘教会’的新事物。”魏司坚在耶稣关于“阴间的门”的话中寻求自己断言的论据。他认为这一短语或许应被翻译为“阴间的门将不能胜过它”。他将“阴间的门”理解为“所能想象的最强的力量,因为没有人能突破阴间的门”。[34]因此耶稣是在说,教会的权能甚至将胜过所能想象的最强的力量。对魏司坚来说,教会的力量来源于它被建立在磐石上。这全新流入的权能也被说成是“天国的”(参太16:2826:64;可9:114:62;路9:2722:69),因此教会与天国是等同的。
Second, Vos contends, “Our Lord gives to understand that the new stage upon which his Messiahship is now about to enter, will bring to the kingdom a new influx of supernatural power and this makes out of it, not only externally but also internally, that new thing which he calls his church.” Vos looks for support of this claim in Jesus’ words regarding the gates of Hades. He posits that the phrase should be translated: “the gates of Hades shall not surpass it.” He understands the gates of Hades as “a figure for the highest conceivable strength, because no one can break through them.”[xvi] So Jesus is saying that the church’s power will excel even that of the highest conceivable strength. For Vos the church’s strength is owing to its being built upon a rock. This new influx of power is also spoken of the kingdom (cf. Matt. 16:28; 26:64; Mark 9:1; 14:62; Luke 9:27; 22:69), hence the church and kingdom are identical.

人子降临在他的国里(太16:27-28
The Son of Man Coming in His Kingdom (Matt. 16:27–28)

实际上,耶稣向门徒说的话对此非常明确:“人子要在他父的荣耀里,同着众使者降临,那时候,他要照各人的行为报应各人。我实在告诉你们:站在这里的,有人在没尝死味以前,必看见人子降临在他的国里。”(太16:27-28)众使者和父的荣耀的画面代表着能力。然而在哪种意义上,耶稣的门徒会在他们死前看见这国度?魏司坚相信,“在教会中,我们便能解释这些关于天国降临的话语”。耶稣的宣告非常明确,因为那在早期教会中工作的圣灵之能力“预先展现着世界末了之时会看到的景象的某些方面……实际上,教会里有着那将来世界的权能。她不仅是耶稣被高举前就已存在的固有的国度,而是今生与永生之间的一个链环”。[35]
In fact, Jesus’ words to his disciples are emphatic about this: “The Son of Man is going to come with his angels in the glory of his Father, and then he will repay each person according to what he has done. Truly, I say to you, there are some standing here who will not taste death until they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom” (Matt. 16:27–28). The imagery of angels and the glory of the Father denotes power. But in what sense will the kingdom be seen by Jesus’ disciples prior to their death? Vos believes “we can interpret these sayings of the coming of the kingdom in the church.” Jesus’ statement is so emphatic because the power of the Holy Spirit that was at work in the early church anticipates “in some respects the phenomena that will be observed at the end of the world. … The church actually has within herself the powers of the world to come. She is more than the immanent kingdom as it existed before Jesus’ exaltation. She forms an intermediate link between the present life and the life of eternity.”[xvii]

小结
Conclusion

上述分析引向如下结论:“当耶稣藉着他的死和复活而进入弥赛亚职分的新阶段时,天国便以教会的形式展现出来。”魏司坚进一步说道:“耶稣清楚指出,无形教会等同于天国。”他诉诸约翰福音3:3-5,那里明确地教导我们,任何人想要看见或进入神的国,就必须被重生。“故此,天国与无形教会都由重生的人构成,唯有重生的人才能在自己里面体验天国的权能,培养天国的公义,享受天国的福分。”[36]
The above analysis leads to this conclusion: “The church is a form which the kingdom assumes in result of the new stage upon which the Messiahship of Jesus enters with his death and resurrection.” Vos takes it further saying, “Jesus plainly leads us to identify the invisible church and the kingdom.” He appeals to John 3:3–5, which explicitly teaches that to be born again is a requirement for anyone who would see or enter into the kingdom. “The kingdom, therefore, as truly as the invisible church is constituted by the regenerate; the regenerate alone experience in themselves its power, cultivate its righteousness, enjoy its blessings.”[xviii]

如果无形教会等同于天国,那么有形教会与天国是什么关系?魏司坚的回答是:“我们的主把有形教会看作他国度的确实的形体。正因为无形教会实现神的王权,所以有形教会也必须如此。”天国的钥匙带给天国某种外在表现;而通过赐予这权柄,耶稣在有形教会中作王。魏司坚进一步得出有形教会与天国等同,他说:“在马太福音13:41中,人子的国度……不是别的,正是有形教会。基督登上荣耀之君的宝座时,就建立了有形教会。”那存在于不可见领域中的天国的无形力量,“在有形教会的国度有机体中得到表现”。[37]这样,在最后,魏司坚视天国与教会等同,因为对他来说,教会就是有外在组织的天国。
If the invisible church is equated with the kingdom, then what is the relationship between the visible church and the kingdom? Vos answers, “Our Lord looked upon the visible church as a veritable embodiment of his kingdom. Precisely because the invisible church realizes the kingship of God, the visible church must likewise partake of this character.” The keys of the kingdom bring some sort of visible manifestation to the kingdom. And Jesus by conferring this power acts in the capacity of King over the visible church. Vos further draws the identity of the visible church and the kingdom when he says, “In Matt. 13:41 the kingdom of the Son of Man … is nothing else but the visible church. The visible church is constituted by the enthronement of Christ as the King of glory.” The invisible forces of the kingdom that exist in the invisible sphere “find expression in the kingdom-organism of the visible church.”[xix] In the end, Vos identifies the kingdom with church since for him the church is the externally organized kingdom.

 [1] Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.343.

[2] Ibid.,p.347.

[3] 毕尔(G.K. Beale)认为“圣子是一个独立的人同时也是一个共同体的代表”。A New Testament BiblicalTheology: The Unfolding of the Old Testament in the NewGrand Rapids,Mich.: Baker Academic, 2011, 394ff.  同样,如启示录里至高者的圣徒,就是教会,和羔羊一同掌权作王(1:692:26273:215:910),而这似乎是与但以理书7章是相一致的。
G.K. Beale argues that “the Son of Man is both an individual and also a representative for a community” (A New Testament Biblical Theology: The Unfolding of the Old Testament in the New [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2011], 394ff). Also, in the book of Revelation the saints of the Most High, i.e., the church, shares the authority and dominion of the Lamb (1:6, 9; 2:26–27; 3:21; 5:9–10), which seems to be consistent with Daniel 7.

[4] Ridderbos, The Coming of theKingdom, pp.347–348.

[5] Ibid.,p. 348.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid., pp.351–53.

[8] Ibid., p.354.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, pp.24–27.

[11] Ibid.,p. 354.

[12] Ibid., p.343.

[13] Ibid.,pp. 344–47.

[14] Ibid., pp.354–55.

[15] Ibid., p.355.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Raymond O. Zorn, Christ Triumphant: Biblical Perspectives on His Church and Kingdom, p.71.

[18] Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.356.

[19] Vos, Geerhardus, The Teaching of Jesus Concerning the Kingdom and the Church, PTR 2: pp.335–336.

[20] Morgan, Christopher W., and Robert A. Peterson, The Kingdom of God , Wheaton, Ill: Crossway, 2012, p.179.

[21] 要对魏司坚和瑞德鲍斯对这两种观点的回应有一个简要的了解,请参见埃里克森所著的《末世论入门导读》一书。Millard Erickson, A BasicGuide to Eschatology, pp. 2122.

[22] 瑞德鲍斯还补充道:“因此教会的起源就被归结于,耶稣的门徒没有等到天国的降临这个现实,而为了延续历史不得不选择成立的一个组织。”Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, p.337
Ridderbos adds, “The church is then supposed to owe its origin to the fact that those who had been waiting for the coming of the kingdom in vain had no other alternative in the continuation of history than, as Jesus’ disciples, to form an organization” (Ridderbos, The Coming of the Kingdom, 337).

[23] 这两种思想体系的应用很广泛,因为在两者中,教会成了仅仅是人的发明而与天国没有关系。

[24] Vos, Geerhardus, The Teaching of Jesus Concerning the Kingdom of God and the Church, p.79, pp.85–86.

[25]完整的引述是:“我们必须摒弃现代的一种由于不充分而有失偏颇的解释,就是天国的样式可以用来对照的点主要在于人联合而成的共同体,也就是建立一个道德或者宗教的有机体。天国确实是一个共同体,人们在其中被一个最紧密的盟约连接在一起,尤其是连接于我们主对于教会的教导,带出这样的结果。但是如果把马太福音13:2430, 4750对天国的教导整体来看,这一点其实是较少强调的。另外,这种观点也不够宽到可以覆盖福音书中对于天国所有的宣告,这些宣告认为天国更多的是由从上面来的恩赐和力量,而不是人际关系和活动来组成的。把它类比为一个共同体只能对其国度的属性提供一个局部的解释,尽管这个解释是正确的,但不是终极性的,因为不是人们的联合而是神创造并成为根基才是天国形成的真正原则。 (Vos, The Teaching of Jesus, 49)然而,魏司坚在他Das Reich Gottes nach den synoptischen的评论中,尽管尊重这个共同体的一面,却把天国定义为“上帝的礼物”(而不是一个任务、一个目标、一个理念或者一个共同体);人对此应有的态度是单单的接受而没有任何创造性的参与;天国是神造作的;人类的行为仅限于接受还是失去天国……只有当天国从隐藏的状态走出来并将世界纳入他的掌管之下时,世界才能接受天国;神通过基督带来神的国,而基督是通过神的权能带来神的国,这两个是同样的意思。Vos, Geerhardus, and James T. Dennison, The Letters of Geerhardus Vos, 54。要注意的是,这个定义写于1900年,而《耶稣对神国和教会的教导》一书是1903年才出版的。
The full quote: “We must reject as inadequate the favorite modern explanation that in the figure of the kingdom the point of comparison lies primarily in the mutual association of men so as to form a moral or religious organism. The kingdom is indeed a community in which men are knit together by the closest of bonds, and especially in connection with our Lord’s teaching on the church this is brought out. Taking, however, the kingdom-teaching as a whole this point is but little emphasized, Matt. 13:24–30, 47–50. Besides, this conception is not nearly wide enough to cover all the things predicated of the kingdom in the Gospel, according to which it appears to consist as much in gifts and powers from above as in inter-human relations and activities. Its resemblance to a community offers at least only a partial explanation of its kingdom-character, and so far as this explanation is correct it is not ultimate because not the union of men as such, but that in God which produces and underlies it, is the true kingdom-forming principle” (Vos, The Teaching of Jesus, 49). However, Vos defines the kingdom differently with respect to this community aspect in his review of Das Reich Gottes nach den synoptischen as “a gift of God (not a task, a goal, an ideal or a community); the attitude of man with reference to it is purely receptive, not productive; the kingdom is wrought by God; human activity comes into consideration only in so far as it conditions the reception or loss of the kingdom … the world receives the kingdom in so far as the latter steps forward out of its hidden state and by drawing the world into its sphere becomes manifest; God brings the kingdom, though in Christ, and Christ through the power of God, these two being synonymous” (Vos, Geerhardus, and James T. Dennison, The Letters of Geerhardus Vos, 54). It should be noted that this definition was written in 1900, while the Teaching of Jesus Concerning the Kingdom and the Church was published in 1903.
[26] Vos, The Teaching of Jesus,p.49.

[27] Ibid., p.50, p.52.

[28] Ibid., p.78.

[29] Ibid., pp.80–81.

[30] Ibid., p.81.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Ibid.,pp. 82–83.

[33] Ibid.,p. 83.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Ibid., p.84.

[36] Ibid., pp.85–86.

[37] Ibid., p.87. 魏司坚非常确定地给出上述结论,教会不是别的,而单单是无形教会的彰显。他写到:“毋庸置疑,神的王权是要遍布和掌管人类生活的方方面面的。”当在“神主权和荣耀的原则掌管之下时”,国度因此也在生活的各个领域彰显(如科学、艺术、家庭、国家、商业、工业等等)。耶稣将人类生活的各个领域都看成将要“组成神的国的一部分”但是他却不认为顺服有形教会是完成这一目标的途径。 因为国度渗透到生活的各个领域并在其中运作,包括在教会中,更新的原则是那里必须有超自然的工作。“区分可见教会与基督教政府、基督教艺术、基督教科学等等这些事物是合宜的,因为这些事物若真的属于神的国度,就必须是从无形教会重生的生命中发展出来的。”(Vos, The Teaching of Jesus, pp.8789.
Ibid., 87. Vos is sure to clarify the above conclusion noting that the church is not the only expression of the invisible kingdom. He writes, “Undoubtedly the kingship of God… is intended to pervade and control the whole of human life in all its forms of existence.” The kingdom, then, manifests itself in the various spheres of life (e.g., science; art; family; state; commerce; industry; etc.) when it comes under “the controlling influence of the principle of the divine supremacy and glory.” Jesus looked upon every province of human life as being intended to “form part of God’s kingdom,” though he did not see subjection to the visible church as the way it would be accomplished. For the kingdom to penetrate any sphere of life and manifest itself there, including in the church, the principle of regeneration must be there from which it supernaturally empowers it. “While it is proper to separate between the visible church and such things as the Christian state, Christian art, Christian science, etc., these things, if they truly belong to the kingdom of God, grow up out of the regenerated life of the invisible church” (Vos, The Teaching of Jesus, 87–89).