2016-12-09

改革宗傳統的源流與特色

/吳國傑博士
摘錄自《新譯本研讀版聖經》p. 2072環球聖經公會(2013

「改革宗傳統」(Reformed Tradition)一般指直接或間接源自十六世紀加爾文等瑞士宗教改革家的神學立場與教會體制。多個宗教改革時期興起的宗派,均宣稱屬此傳統;當中包括歐洲大陸的改革宗教會(Reformed Church)、英語世界的長老宗教會(Presbyterian Churches)和公理宗教會素可追溯到這傳統。在基督新教的歷史裏,改革宗傳統與源自德國馬丁路德的信義宗傳統平行並列,影響重大而深遠。

改革宗傳統的歷史發展

改革宗最早可追溯自慈運理(Ulrich Zwingli)在瑞士蘇黎世的改革。1523年他成功爭取市議會接納近乎唯獨聖經的法令,提出《六十七條信綱》(Sixty-Seven Articles),開創瑞士改革宗的先河。慈運理的改革擴展順利,瑞士其他州郡包括巴塞爾(Basel)、伯恩(bern)、聖迦倫(St.Gallen)、牟爾侯森(Mulhausen)和沙夫侯森(Schaffhausen)等,相繼受其影響而加入。慈運理於1531年離世後,其領導職分改由布靈爾(Heinrich Bulinger)承繼。

瑞士改革宗的發展,於加爾文在日內瓦的努力下達至高峰。1536年,加爾文的路經日內瓦而被勸說留下;自此開始其漫長的改革路程。在加爾文及其繼承人伯撒(Theodore Beza)的領導下,日內瓦不但在信仰教義上獲得修正,教會體制得著重整,道德生活也同得覆興。全市人民都在教會法庭的監督下,過著美善和諧的生活。加爾文的改革榜樣吸引許多渴慕敬虔的人移居生活,使日內瓦蛻變而成改革傳統的典範,並其他地區改教領袖的訓練場所。

創立蘇格蘭長老宗的諾克斯(John Knox),是其中一位師承自加爾文的改教領袖。諾克斯原為天主教司鐸(Priest),皈信新教信仰後,獲邀在英格蘭皇愛德華六世(Edward VI)的皇宮講道。1553年,信奉羅馬公教的瑪麗女皇(Mary I)登基,大肆迫害新教信徒,諾克斯輾轉逃到日內瓦,在那裏受加爾文的影響。1559年諾克斯應邀道蘇格蘭領導改革,經過許多艱難,終於成功帶領蘇格蘭教會脫離宗教權勢,以日內瓦的榜樣為藍皮,在英語世界建立長老宗教會。

除諾克斯外,在瑪麗女皇在位期間,許多熱心改教的英格蘭新教徒亦逃到日內瓦。他們這群後來被稱為「清教徒」(Puritans)的教會領袖,在1558年瑪麗女皇離世後迅速回國,推動祖國改教。無奈抵步後發現新任女皇伊利沙伯一世(Elizabeth I)為平衡政治勢力而采取中間路線,曾在日內瓦體驗改革宗精神的清教徒對此甚感不滿。1580年,深受長老宗影響的布朗恩(Robert Browne)脫離英格蘭國教而自組教會;由此逐漸衍生公理宗教會。

改革宗傳統的神學立場

最能反映改革宗神學立場的,是各有關宗派所宣認的宣言和所采納的教理問答。其中最具有代表性的,是歐陸改革宗的《比利時宣言》(Belgic Confession)、《海德堡問答》(Heidelberg Catechism)和《第二瑞士宣言》(Second Helvetic Confession;與及英美長老宗1560年的《蘇格蘭宣言》(Scots Confession1560年)和《西敏斯特信仰宣言》(American Congregational Declarations of Faith)和1890年的《英格蘭長老會信綱》(Articles of the FaithPresbyterian Church of England),皆以此宣言為藍本。

另一類塑造改革宗的信仰的重要文獻,是相關改教領袖的神學著作;特別是加爾文幾經修訂再版的《基督教要義》(Institutes of Christian Religion)。在加爾文神學架構中,許多學者認為預定論教義最鮮明突出:他相信墮落的人類已經全然敗壞、無力行善,神在創世以前憑他的旨意揀選個別人類得救;對於這些蒙揀選的人,聖靈會在他們心裏發出無法抗拒的呼召;因著基督的救贖和聖靈的保守,他們最終皆能堅守到底而獲得拯救。雖然在細節的信仰教義上,各歸屬改革宗傳統的宗派會略有分歧,但基本輪廓與《基督教要義》相近,而強調神主權揀選的預定論教義,更是普遍接納的共識。

改革宗傳統的教會體制

雖然改革宗傳統的教會,有采用主教制如1873年從美國聖公會分裂出來的「改革宗監督會」(Reformed Episcopal),和會眾制如1931年由兩個不同宗派合並而成的「公理宗基督教會」(Congregational Christian Churches)。但主流仍是以強調教會應由多位長老共同領導的長老制為主。

歐陸改革宗的地方堂會由長老庭(Consistory)主理;每一堂會可選出一位教牧及一位平信徒長老,聯合組成地區性的長老監督會(Classis);然後,不同地區的長老監督會,再選出相近數目的聖職人員和平信徒長老,共同組成中議會(Synod);而最高權力機關是總議會(General Assembly),同樣由各地長老監督會之代表組合而成。英語世界的長老宗,在教會架構上與改革宗相當接近,最主要的分別是在名稱上,例如由長老庭變成堂議會(Session),長老監督會改為長老團(Presbytery);而長老團是由每一堂會一位平信徒長老代表,加上「所有」而非「一位」教牧組成。

改革宗傳統的宗派於二十世紀出現大型的合一浪潮。「公理宗基督教會」與「福音改革宗」(Evangelical and Reformed Church)合並為「聯合基督教會」(United Church of Christ),「英格蘭及威爾斯公理宗」(Congregational Church in England and Wales)亦與「英格蘭長老宗」(Presbyterian Church of England)結合為「聯合改革宗」(United Reformed Church)。1970年兩個分別代表長老宗和公理宗的跨地域組織聯合成「世界改革宗聯盟」(World Alliance of Reformed Churches),該會現有成員宗派214個,發布全球107個國家。


37 聖靈的神性   The Deity of the Holy Spirit

作者: 史鮑爾 (R.C. Sproul) 譯者: 姚錦榮
摘自《神學入門》《Essential Truths of the Christian FaithP101 ,更新傳道會出版http://www.crmnj.org/

在教會的敬拜儀式中,我們常常聽到這些話:奉父、子、聖靈的名,阿們。這些話道出了三位一體的神性。

同樣地,我們也在聚會中高唱「榮耀頌」:「但願榮耀歸於父、子、聖靈,起初這樣,現在這樣,以以後也這樣,永無窮盡。阿們,阿們!」

這首聖詩將永恒的榮耀同時歸給三一真神的三個位格:聖靈和聖父、聖子同享榮耀。

雖然基督的神性歷世歷代以來都引起爭議,但是聖靈的神性通常卻都被教會所接受。聖靈的神性未被質疑,也許是因聖靈從來沒有取人形態顯現之故。

聖經清楚說明聖靈擁有神性,而且施行神的權柄。自第四世紀以來,所有相信聖靈擁有位格的人,都接受聖靈的神性。

舊約聖經亦將神說的話,稱作神的靈說的話,神說和神的靈說二語是可以互換的。這在新約聖經中亦然,其中最有力的一段經文就是彼得在使徒行傳五章34節所說的:「亞拿尼亞,為什麼撒旦充滿了你的心,叫你欺哄聖靈,把田地的價銀私自留下幾份呢?田地還沒有賣,不是你自己的嗎?既賣了,價銀不是你做主嗎?你怎麼心裡起這意念呢?你不是欺哄人,是欺哄神了!」這裏聖經很直接了當地說,欺騙聖靈就是欺騙神。

聖經也將神的屬性歸給聖靈,保羅在哥林多前書二章10節至11節形容聖靈的無所不知:「只有神藉著聖靈向我們顯明了。因為聖靈參透萬事,就是神深奧的事也參透了。除了在人裡頭的靈,誰知道人的事?像這樣,除了神的靈,也沒有人知道神的事。」詩人也曾在詩篇一百三十九篇78節見證聖靈的無所不在:「我往哪裡去躲避你的靈?我往哪裡逃躲避你的面?我若升到天上,你在那裡;我若在陰間下榻,你也在那裡。」。此外,聖靈還參與創造的工作,運行在水面上(創11-2)。

有關聖靈的神性,可用保羅在哥林多後書的祝福語作總結:「願主耶穌基督的恩惠、神的慈愛、聖靈的感動,常與你們眾人同在!」(林後1314

總結
1. 教會的禮拜儀式指出聖靈具有神性。
2. 舊約聖經將神的屬性和權柄歸給聖靈。
3. 新約聖經亦說明聖靈具有神性。101

思考經文:
11-2;徒53-4;羅89-17;林前619-20;弗219-22


The Deity of the Holy Spirit

In the liturgy of the church we frequently hear the words, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, amen." This expression is a trinitarian formula that ascribes deity to all three persons in the Godhead.

Likewise, we sing the Gloria:

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.

As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

This song ascribes eternal glory to all three persons of the Trinity. The Holy Ghost is ascribed eternal glory along with the Father and the Son.

While the deity of Christ has been debated for centuries, and the debate continues today, the deity of the Holy Spirit is generally accepted in the church. Perhaps the reason the deity of the Holy Spirit has not been very controversial is because the Spirit never took on human form.

The Bible clearly represents the Holy Spirit as possessing divine attributes and exercising divine authority. Since the fourth century, nearly all who agree that the Spirit is a person also agree that He is divine.

In the Old Testament what is said of God is also often said of the Spirit of God. The expressions "God said" and "the Spirit said" are repeatedly interchanged. In the New Testament this pattern continues, perhaps no more forcefully than in Acts 5:3-4, where Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and keep back part of the price of the land for yourself? . . . You have not lied to men but to God." Simply put, lying to the Holy Spirit is lying to God Himself.

Scripture also ascribes divine attributes to the Holy Spirit. Paul writes of the Spirit's omniscience in 1 Corinthians 2:10-11, "The Spirit searches all things, yes, the deep things of God. For what man knows the things of a man except the spirit of the man which is in him? Even so no one knows the things of God except the Spirit of God." The psalmist attests to the omnipresence of the Spirit in Psalm 139:7-8: "Where can I go from Your Spirit? Or where can I flee from Your presence? If I ascend unto heaven, You are there; if I make my bed in hell, behold, You are there." The Spirit also works in creation, hovering over the face of the waters (Genesis 1:1-2).

As a concluding statement on the deity of the Holy Spirit, we have Paul's benediction in his second letter to the Corinthians, "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. Amen" (2 Corinthians 13:14).

The liturgy of the church ascribes deity to the Holy Spirit.
The Old Testament ascribed divine attributes and authority to the Holy Spirit.



神學問答38:什麽是宗教改革神學?Whatis Reformation Theology?

誠之翻譯 

 「宗教改革神學」(Reformation Theology)是用來指稱16世紀抗議宗的改教家,包括馬丁路德,墨蘭頓,慈運理,加爾文等人所共同認信的神學教義的一個語詞。雖然這些改教家中,在某些領域的信仰有很大的差別,他們仍然堅定地團結在一起,在一些非常基礎性的教義上,對抗羅馬天主教的教導。他們都相信,要管理所有信徒的信仰與實踐,唯獨聖經是足夠的,而聖經教導稱義唯獨靠恩典,因著信,且唯獨在耶穌基督裏。同樣,他們強調一個健全的盟約,或聖約神學(見問答31),而且他們主張人的意志是完全受罪所捆綁的,只有聖靈重生的恩典,才能賜給人信心,帶來稱義。

要理解使這些改教家團結在一起的基礎性真理,最好的途徑大概是通過閱讀16-17世紀所寫的各種信經和信仰告白。「三項聯合信條」(three forms of unity),包括《海德堡要理問答》,《比利時信條》,和《多特信經》,為第一代改教家提供了也許是最清楚的共同信仰的解釋。同樣,「威斯敏斯德標準」(Westminster Standards),包括《威斯敏斯德信仰告白》,《小要理問答》,《大要理問答》,是17世紀作品的裏程碑,將宗教改革的教義編纂成法典。


What is Reformation Theology?

“Reformation Theology” is a term designating the theological doctrines and convictions held in common by the great sixteenth century Protestant reformers, including Martin Luther, Philip Melancthon, Uldrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and others. Although some of these reformers had widely varying beliefs in certain areas, they were nevertheless firmly united against the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church in some very foundational doctrines. They all believed that the scriptures alone were sufficient to govern all believers in matters of faith and practice, and that the scriptures taught that justification was by grace alone through faith alone in Jesus Christ. Likewise, they stressed a robust federal, or covenant theology (see questions 31 ff. above), and they held that man's will is wholly bound in sin, and that only the regenerating grace of the Holy Spirit could give the faith that results in justification.

Perhaps the best way to understand the foundational truths that united these different reformers is to read through the various creeds and confessions that were composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The “three forms of unity,” consisting of the Heidelberg Catechism, the Belgic Confession of Faith, and the Canons of Dort, provide perhaps the clearest explanation of the common faith of the first reformers. Also, the Westminster Standards, including the Westminster Confession of Faith and the shorter and longer catechisms, were a landmark seventeenth century work codifying the doctrines of the Reformation.

Related Reading for Further Study
Introduction to the Reformed Faith by John Frame (.pdf)
A Brief and Untechnical Statement of the Reformed Faith by B.B. Warfield
The Reformed Faith by Loraine Boettner
What is the Reformed Faith? by Dr. Michael S. Horton
Reformed Theology by James Montgomery Boice
Three Pillars of the Reformed Faith by Jason A. Van Bemmel


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