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2020-10-18

神學入門:基督不能犯罪
Theological Primer: Impeccability

作者:KEVIN DEYOUNG  譯者:誠之
https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/theological-primer-impeccability/
https://www.facebook.com/peddrluo/posts/10159105343619653

 
在這個叫做「神學入門」的持續系列中,我時常會加入新的條目。我們的想法是用500字左右的篇幅介紹一些碩大的神學概念。今天,我們將探討的是基督不能犯罪的教義。
From time to time I make new entries into this continuing series called “Theological Primer.” The idea is to present big theological concepts in around 500 words (or sometimes, 1,000 words). Today we will look at the doctrine of Christ’s impeccability.
 
基督不能犯罪的教義指出,基督不僅沒有罪,而且不能犯罪(non posse peccare)。作為上帝道成肉身的兒子,基督面臨著真實的試探,但這些試探在基督身上並不是因為罪的欲望而產生的。基督不僅能夠戰勝試探,而且不能被試探所勝(Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, 659)。
The doctrine of impeccability states that Christ was not only sinless, he was unable to sin (non posse peccare). As the incarnate Son of God, Christ faced real temptations, but these temptations did not arise in Christ due to sinful desires. Christ was not only able to overcome temptation, he was unable to be overcome by it (Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, 659).
 
基督不能犯罪在教會歷史上得到了廣泛的肯定,並得到大多數主要的改革宗系統神學家的辯護。然而,在過去的150年裏,許多神學家拒絕了基督不能犯罪的觀點,反而認為,基督的試探要想成為真正的試探,基督要想同情祂的子民,就必須可能會犯罪。令人驚訝的是,即使是著名的賀治(Charles Hodge1797-1878)也否認基督的不能犯罪(Hodge, Systematic Theology, 2:457),這可能是他的同代人薛德(W. G. T. Shedd1820-1894)在他的《教理神學》(Dogmatic Theology)中為該學說提供了特別有力的辯護的原因之一。
Christ’s impeccability has been widely affirmed throughout the history of the church and defended by most of the leading Reformed systematicians. In the last 150 years, however, many theologians have rejected the idea that Christ was unable to sin, arguing instead that peccability is necessary for Christ’s temptations to be genuine and for Christ to sympathize with his people. Surprisingly, even the redoubtable Charles Hodge (1797–1878) denied impeccability (Hodge, Systematic Theology, 2:457), which may be one of the reasons his contemporary W. G. T. Shedd (1820–1894) offered an especially robust defense of the doctrine in his Dogmatic Theology.
 
在為基督的不能犯罪辯護時,薛德提出了三大要點。
In defense of Christ’s impeccability, Shedd makes three broad points.
 
首先,基督的不能犯罪可以從聖經中推導出來。如果耶穌基督昨日、今日,一直到永遠都是一樣的(來十三8),祂的聖潔一定是不變的。一個可變的聖潔並不符合基督的全能性,也不符合基督是我們信仰的創始成終者的事實(來十二2)。基督與第一個亞當不同,祂是一切聖潔的泉源,從祂那裏只能得到生命和光明。如果基督能夠犯罪,那麼根據定義,祂的聖潔就會有變化——祂的順服就會有失敗——即使最後證明基督是信實的。一個可能犯罪的基督是一個只能在事後才可以信任的救主。
First, Christ’s impeccability can be deduced from Scripture. If Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever (Heb. 13:8), he must be unchanging in his holiness. A mutable holiness would be inconsistent with the omnipotence of Christ and irreconcilable with the fact that Christ is the author and finisher of our faith (Heb. 12:2). Christ is unlike the first Adam in that he is the fountain of all holiness, and from him can proceed nothing but life and light. If Christ were able to sin, his holiness would, by definition, be open to change—his obedience open to failure—even if Christ proved in the end to be faithful. A peccable Christ is a Savior who can be trusted only in hindsight.
 
其次,基督的不能犯罪是與祂位格的構成息息相關的。可以肯定的是,基督被聖靈賦予了非凡的恩典,但基督不僅被賦予能力抵擋試探,神的道(divine Logos)的同在,使人無可置疑地肯定基督會抵擋試探。我們決不能認為基督的兩種本性是彼此獨立運作的,好像它們是對立的一方,或者是知與行的兩個源頭,彼此是互相隱藏的。同樣,我們也不能把基督的兩個意志設想為互相對立。有限的人性意志無一例外地完美地順服了無限的神性意志,以致于基督從來沒有經歷過肉體的私欲和聖靈敵對,聖靈也和肉體敵對(加五17;參見《新譯本》)。
Second, Christ’s impeccability is tied to the constitution of his person. To be sure, Christ was empowered by the Spirit with extraordinary grace, but Christ was not only strengthened to resist temptation, the presence of the divine Logos made it infallibly certain that Christ would resist. We must not think that Christ’s two natures operated independently of each other, as if they were rival parties or two sources of knowing and doing veiled one from the other. Likewise, we must not conceive of the two wills of Christ as antagonists. The finite will invariably and perfectly obeyed the infinite, such that Christ never experienced the flesh lusting against the spirit, and the spirit lusting against the flesh (Gal. 5:17).
 
但基督的痛苦、饑餓、憂傷、軟弱和死亡怎麼說呢?這些對神而人者來說怎麼可能呢?如果我們斷定基督是不能犯罪的,是否也必須斷定基督不能受苦呢?當然不是。薛德區分了「有限者的一切無罪的缺陷和局限」和罪人的「可責備的缺陷和局限」。神成為肉身的兒子有責任承受來自人體的軟弱,但沒有來自人性的道德缺陷,或道德缺陷的可能性。
But what about Christ’s pain, hunger, sorrow, weakness, and death? How are these possible for the God-man? If we conclude that Christ is impeccable must we also conclude that Christ was unable to suffer? Surely not. Shedd distinguishes between “all the innocent defects and limitations of the finite” and “the culpable defects and limitations” of sinful man. The en-fleshed Son of God was liable to the weaknesses that come from a human body, but without the moral defects—or possibility of moral defect—that come from a human nature.
 
這第二點的核心是迦克墩聖徒的信念,即無論基督做了什麼,祂都是作為一個不可分割的位格做的。因此,薛德認為,基督犯罪的能力必須根據「祂最強大的本性」來衡量。就像鐵絲本身可以彎曲,但一旦焊接到鐵條上就會變得無法撼動一樣,神人耶穌基督也因人的本性和神的本性的結合而變得不能犯罪(《教理神學》,660-61)。換句話說,雖然基督擁有可能犯罪的人性,但祂是一個不能犯罪的神而人者。
At the heart of this second point is the Chalcedonian conviction that whatever Christ did, he did as one undivided theanthropic person. Consequently, Shedd argues, Christ’s ability to sin must be measured according to “his mightiest nature.” Just as an iron wire by itself can be bent, but once welded to an iron bar is rendered immoveable, so the God-man Jesus Christ is rendered impeccable by the union of the human and divine natures (Dogmatic Theology, 660-61). In other words, while Christ possessed a peccable human nature, he was an impeccable theanthropic person.
 
第三,不能犯罪與試探是一致的。邏各斯(道)取了人性的原因之一,是為了讓邏各斯可以像人一樣受試探,能夠對人表示同情(來二14-18)。如果我們抬高基督的不能犯罪,把祂的可試探性丟在一邊,我們就與聖經脫節了。
Third, impeccability is consistent with temptation. One of the reasons for the assumption of a human nature by the Logos is so that the Logos might be tempted as a man and be able to sympathize with men (Heb. 2:14-18). If we elevate Christ’s impeccability in a way that casts aside his temptability, we are out of step with Scripture.
 
然而,我們決不能把我們的試探與基督的試探絕對等同起來。雅各書一章2節中譯為「試煉」的同一個希臘名詞(peirasmois)在雅各書一章14節中以動詞形式呈現為被試探(peirazetai)。有些試探是從外而來的試煉和苦難——基督一直在忍受這些。但也有一些試探是從內而來的,是罪惡的欲望——這些是基督從未經歷過的。當希伯來書四章15節說基督和我們一樣,凡事都受過試探,只是沒有犯罪,我們應該理解 「沒有」(choris)這個介詞既延伸到試探的結果(和我們不同,基督沒有犯罪),也延伸到試探的性質(和我們不同,基督的試探不是有罪的)。換句話說,我們受到世界、肉體和魔鬼的試探,而基督從來沒有面對來自肉體的試探。或者如歐文(John Owen)所說,基督面對試探的痛苦部分;我們也面對犯罪的部分。
And yet, we must not absolutely equate our temptations with Christ’s temptations. The same Greek noun translated “trials” (peirasmois) in James 1:2 is rendered in verb form as tempted (peirazetai) in James 1:14. Some temptations arise from without as trials and sufferings—these Christ constantly endured. But also, temptations that arise from within as sinful desires—these Christ never experienced. When Hebrews 4:15 says Christ was tempted in every respect as we are, yet without sin, we should understand the preposition “without” (choris) as extending both to the outcome of the temptations (unlike us, Christ did not sin) and also to the nature of the temptations (unlike ours, Christ’s temptations were not sinful). In other words, we are tempted by the world, the flesh, and the Devil, while Christ never faced temptation from the flesh. Or as John Owen put it, Christ faced the suffering part of temptation; we also face the sinning part.
 
基督不能犯罪,並不使祂的試探不那麼真實。戰無不勝的軍隊仍然可以遭到攻擊(《教理神學》,662)。如果有區別的話,那就是基督的試探比我們的試探更強烈,因為祂從不向試探屈服。我們的試探時強時弱,因為我們有時經得起考驗,有時又屈服於考驗。但基督從不屈服,因此,在祂的一生中,試探的經驗只會越來越多。在這一點上,基督能夠同情我們人類的試探經歷,儘管作為神而人者,祂不能屈服於這些試探。
Christ’s inability to sin does not make his temptations less genuine. The army that cannot be conquered can still be attacked (Dogmatic Theology, 662). If anything, Christ’s temptations were more intense than ours because he never gave in to them. Our temptations wax and wane as we sometimes withstand them and sometimes succumb to them. But Christ never gave in, and as such the experience of temptation only mounted throughout his life. In this, Christ is able to sympathize with us in our human experience of temptation, even though as the God-man, he was incapable of giving in to these temptations.

 耶穌可能犯過罪嗎?
摘自古德恩著,張麟至譯,《系統神學》,更新傳道會,2011p. 540-542
https://www.facebook.com/peddrluo/posts/10159107977794653
https://blog.creaders.net/u/5847/201403/177582.html

 
A.4 耶穌可能犯過罪嗎?
 
有時候會有人提出這個問題:「耶穌可能犯過罪嗎?」有些人支持基督的「無罪性」(Impeccability);這個字的意思是「不可能犯罪」。反對的人卻認為,假使耶穌不可能犯罪,那麼所受的試探就不真實;因為如果受試探之人在任何情況下都不可能犯罪,那麼試探怎麼可能是真實的呢?
 
我們若要回答這個問題,就必須分辨,哪些是聖經清楚肯定的事實,哪些是我們所作的可能推理。聖經清楚肯定的事實包括:
 
  (1) 聖經清楚記載,耶穌從未真的犯過罪(見上述)。我們對這個事實,應當沒有一點懷疑。
 
(2) 聖經也清楚地證實,耶穌受到試探,而且這些試探都是真實的(路4:2)。假若我們相信聖經,就必須堅持:基督「也曾凡事受過試探,與我們一樣,只是祂沒有犯罪。」(來4:15)如果我們對基督是否犯罪的種種揣測,使我們認為沒有真正地受到試探,那麼我們就會得到一個錯誤的結論,是與聖經的明確敘述相互矛盾的。
 
(3) 我們也必須與聖經一同肯定:「神不能被惡試探。」(雅1:13)但是問題在此益形困難:假使耶穌既是完全的人,又是完全的神(我們將在後面證實聖經所清楚而重複地教導的這一點),那麼我們難道不該結論(就某種意義)說,耶穌也「不能被惡試探」嗎?
 
這是所有我們能看到的聖經之清晰而明白的證據。在此,我們面臨了類似於其他教義所面對的兩難情況:聖經所教導的某些事,雖然沒有與我們的理解力直接矛盾,卻也讓我們很難領悟。例如關於三位一體的教義,我們肯定神的存在有三個位格,而每一個位格都是完全的神,然而卻只有一位神。雖然這些敘述彼此不相矛盾,然而我們很難把它們整合起來而瞭解它;即使我們可以逐步瞭解敘述之間的關聯,但我們必須承認,至少在今生,我們憑自己的聰明才智無法完全明白。
 
「耶穌是否真的受到試探?」這個問題也有點類似。我們並沒有發現矛盾的事實:聖經沒有既說「耶穌受到試探」,又說「耶穌沒受試探」(假若這兩句裏的「耶穌」和「受試探」意義完全一樣,那麼這兩個敘述就是矛盾了)。聖經乃是告訴我們「耶穌受到試探」,「耶穌是完全的人」,「耶穌是完全的神」,以及「神不能被試探」。我們將這些教訓擺在一起,就得到一個可能的結論:當我們明白了耶穌之人性和神性的相輔相成,我們才可能會更瞭解,在某一層意義上說,祂可能會受到試探,但在另一個意義上說,祂不可能會受到試探(我們將在後面進一步地探討這個可能性)。
 
在此我們已經討論過聖經上所清楚肯定的,接下來我們要嘗試提出一個答案,以解決基督是否犯過罪的這個問題。但是我們應當瞭解到,下列的答案只是把諸多聖經教訓綜合起來的建議性的答案,並非聖經明文記載的。明白了這點,我們就可以說:
 
(1) 倘若耶穌的人性獨立存在,並與祂的神性無關,那麼祂的人性就像神所賜給亞當和夏娃的人性一樣。這樣的人性是沒有罪的,但卻可能犯罪。所以,假如耶穌的人性是獨立存在的,那麼就抽象或理論上的可能性而言,耶穌可能會犯罪,正如亞當和夏娃的人性可能犯罪一樣。
 
(2) 但是耶穌的人性從未與祂的神性分開存在過;從受孕的那一刻起,就是真神,又是真人。祂的人性和神性兩者並存在一個位格內。
 
(3) 雖然有些感覺(例如感到飢餓、口渴,或軟弱)是單單在耶穌人性裏才能感受到的,在祂的神性裏沒有同樣的體驗(見以下的討論),然而犯罪的行為是與道德有關之行為,因此顯然會影響到基督的整個位格(整位基督)。所以,假使犯罪,那件罪行會同時牽涉到的人性和祂的神性。
 
(4) 但是如果耶穌整個位格犯罪,使祂的人性和神性都陷在罪中,那麼就表示神自己犯罪了,那祂就不再是神了!然而,那顯然是不可能的,因為神的本性是無限聖潔的。
 
(5) 因此,假使我們問,耶穌是否真的有可能犯罪,結論似乎必須是:那是不可能的。祂的人性和神性並存於一個位格內,這就排除了犯罪可能性。
 
不過,問題還在:「那麼耶穌所受的試探怎麼可能是真實的呢?」在此可用撒但要耶穌把石頭變為餅的例子來說明,會很有幫助:由於耶穌具有神性,所以有能力施行這個神蹟;可是如果這麼做,祂就不再是只憑藉人性的力量來順服神,那祂也與亞當一樣沒有通過試驗而失敗,不能為我們贏得救恩了。所以,耶穌拒絕依賴祂的神性使自己更容易順服。同樣地,我們似乎可以下結論說:耶穌在遇到每個有罪的試探時,都不是憑藉祂神性的大能,而是單單靠著人性的力量(當然,那也不是「單單」靠人性的力量,因為耶穌在運用人類都該運用的信心之時的每一刻,都全然仰賴父神和聖靈)。祂神性的道德力量一直存在那裏,成為一股「支持的力量」,使祂不會在任何情況下犯罪(所以我們說不可能犯罪),但是並不依賴神性的力量使自己能比較容易面對試探。在服事開始之時,拒絕把石頭變為餅,正說明了這點。
 
然而這些試探真實嗎?許多神學家指出,只有成功地抵擋試探到底的人,才最能完整地感受到那個試探的力量。就如一個在比賽中成功地將最重的重量高舉過頭的舉重冠軍,要比其他嘗試舉起後又放下的失敗者,更能感受到那重量之重;所以,任何一個成功面對一項試探到底的基督徒,比那些見到試探立即屈服的基督徒,更瞭解勝過試探的難度。耶穌正是如此;對每個試探,都面對到底,並且得勝。這些試探是真實的,但祂沒有屈服。事實上,試探對祂最為真實,因祂從沒有向它們屈服過。
 
對於「神不能被惡試探」(雅1:13)的這件事實,我們必須肯定,這一點所說的是關於耶穌的神性,而非祂的人性。祂的神性不能為罪惡所試探,但是祂的人性可以被試探,而且顯然也受了試探。但聖經並沒有清楚解釋,這兩性如何在一個位格裏聯合,來面對試探。至於我們如何分辨哪些敘述是與耶穌的人性相關,哪些又是與祂的神性有關?聖經中不乏這類的記載,需要我們加以區分(若想更明白其分別,見以下有關耶穌在一個位格內是神又是人的討論)。
 
 
基督的人性(The Humanity of Christ
摘自古德恩著,張麟至譯,《系統神學》,更新傳道會,2011https://blog.creaders.net/u/5847/201403/177582.html
 

2020-03-24


43 耶稣的无罪——耶稣基督完全没有罪汙Sinlessness - Jesus Christ wasentirely free from sin

《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。


43 耶稣的无罪——耶稣基督完全没有罪汙
Sinlessness - Jesus Christ was entirely free from sin

他并没有犯罪,口里也没有诡诈。(彼前2:22

新约圣经坚称耶稣全然无罪(约8:46;林后5:21;来4:157:26;彼前2:22;约壹3:5)。其意义不只是说,祂从来不违背祂的父;也是说,祂爱慕神的律法,全心以遵行律法为乐。堕落的人在顺服神的事上,总是有些勉强;而且有时候我们的不服,会演变为对神加诸我们身上之要求的憎恨(罗8:7)。然而耶稣的道德本性没有堕落,正像亚当未犯罪以先的情形;而且在耶稣里面,没有像在我们里面有那种离开的倾向,结果给撒旦有可趁之机。耶稣总是尽心、尽意、尽力爱祂的父,并祂的旨意。

希伯来书四章15节说:耶稣[曾凡事受过试探,与我们一样,只是祂没有罪犯。]其意思乃是说,我们所面对每一种形态的试探,包括:放纵身体和心思里天然的欲望、规避道德的和属灵的事、缵道德漏洞以走易路、对人少爱少同情少仁慈一点、自卫自怜等等,这类的试探,都曾临到祂身上过,但祂却没有让任何罪得逞。压倒性的难处从来没有胜过祂,祂经过客西马尼园、十字架,与试探争战,抵挡罪到流血地步。基督徒当从主学习,并效法祂(来12:3-13;路14:25-33)。

耶稣的无罪对我们救恩来说,是必须的。假如祂不是[无瑕疵、无玷污的羔羊],祂的血就不会是[宝血]了(彼前1:19)。祂若非无瑕疵、无玷污,祂自己都需要一位救主,而祂的死也不能救赎我们。祂的[主动顺服](指祂一生行事为人与神赐给人的律法一致,也与神启示给弥赛亚的旨意一致),使祂有资格在十字架上为我们死,成为我们的救主。耶稣[被动的顺服](指祂以无罪者成为我们的替代者,以忍耐破坏神律法该受的刑罚)加冠在祂的[主动的顺服]之上,为那些信靠祂的人赢取神的宽恕与接纳(罗5:18-19;林后5:18-21;腓2:8;来10:5-10)。


SINLESSNESS
JESUS CHRIST WAS ENTIRELY FREE FROM SIN

He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth. 1 PETER 2:22

The New Testament insists that Jesus was entirely free from sin (John 8:46; 2 Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet. 2:22; 1 John 3:5). This means not only that he never disobeyed his Father but that he loved God’s law and found wholehearted joy in keeping it. In fallen human beings, there is always some reluctance to obey God, and sometimes resentment amounting to hatred at the claims he makes on us (Rom. 8:7). But Jesus’ moral nature was unfallen, as was Adam’s prior to his sin, and in Jesus there was no prior inclination away from God for Satan to play on, as there is in us. Jesus loved his Father and his Father’s will with all his heart, mind, soul, and strength.

Hebrews 4:15 says that Jesus was “tempted in every way, just as we are,” though without sinning. This means that every type of temptation that we face—temptations to wrongfully indulge natural desires of body and mind, to evade moral and spiritual issues, to cut moral corners and take easy ways out, to be less than fully loving and sympathetic and creatively kind to others, to become self-protective and self-pitying, and so on—came upon him, but he yielded to none of them. Overwhelming opposition did not overwhelm him, and through the agony of Gethsemane and the cross he fought temptation and resisted sin to the point where his blood was shed. Christians must learn from him to do likewise (Heb. 12:3-13; Luke 14:25-33).

Jesus’ sinlessness was necessary for our salvation. Had he not been “a lamb without blemish or defect” his blood would not have been “precious” (1 Pet. 1:19). He would have needed a savior himself, and his death would not have redeemed us. His active obedience (perfect lifelong conformity to God’s law for mankind, and to his revealed will for the Messiah) qualified Jesus to become our Savior by dying for us on the cross. Jesus’ passive obedience (enduring the penalty of God’s broken law as our sinless substitute) crowned his active obedience to secure the pardon and acceptance of those who put their faith in him (Rom. 5:18-19; 2 Cor. 5:18-21; Phil. 2:8; Heb. 10:5-10).