顯示具有 《簡明神學》 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章
顯示具有 《簡明神學》 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章

2019-12-13


限定的救贖DefiniteAtonement

誠之摘自 巴刻著,《簡明神學》(更新傳道會,1999), 120-121頁。
(部分翻譯略作更動,以更符合原文的意思)

「限定的救贖」(definte atonement)有時也稱作「特定的救贖」(particular atonement)、「有效的救贖」(effective atonement),或「有限的救贖」(limited atonement),這是改革宗一項歷史性的教義,論及三一神在耶穌基督之死的事上,其意向為何。這項教義不懷疑基督所獻的祭的無限價值,也不懷疑神真誠地向所有「聽見(福音)的人」發出的邀約(啟2217),它明言:基督的死真正除去了所有神選民的罪惡,並確保他們會藉著重生而有信心,並蒙神保守其信心,而得以進入榮耀裏──得榮耀才是主的救贖所要完成的目的。救贖的限定性與有效性帶來它的「有限性」:即基督就祂死的有效性而言,祂並不是為每一個人死。並非所有人都得救了的這個事實,證明這項教義,正符合聖經和經驗合起來所教導我們的。

此外,僅有的兩種可能選擇是:(1) 真正的普救論,認為基督的死保證了人類每一份子──過去的、現在的、未來的──都會得救;或者是(2)  假設的普救論,認為基督的死使每一個人都可能得到救恩,但是只有那些以信心回應並肯悔改的人,才會真正得著。但主的死並沒有保證人一定會相信並悔改。所以,選擇有三:效果無限、範圍有限的救贖(改革宗的特定救贖論);範圍無限、效果有限的救贖(假設的普救論);或是效果無限、範圍也無限的救贖(真正的普救論)。這三項我們究竟應該選哪一項,必須讓聖經作為我們的導引來決定。

聖經說,神已經揀選了我們這墮落族群中的許多人,要使他們得到救恩;神也曾差遣基督到世上來拯救他們(約637-401027-291151-52;羅828-29;弗13-14;彼前120)。聖經常說,基督已為特定的群體或個人而死,並清楚暗示,祂的死已為他們取得了救恩(約1015-1827-29;羅58-10832;加220313-1444-5;約壹49-10;啟14-659-10)。基督面對死亡時,祂只為那些父神所賜給祂的人禱告,而不為世人──其餘所有的人──禱告(約17920)。若主願意為任何一個人死、卻拒絕為他禱告,這是可思議的事嗎?限定的救贖是以上三種看法裏,唯一和聖經的記錄相符的。

新約聖經一方面教導我們,在福音裏有基督所賜的恩典,基督徒理當到處宣揚這福音;在另一方面,它則教導我們,基督在十字架上曾為神的選民獲得了完全有效的救贖;這兩者之間並沒有不一致,也沒有不連貫之處。所有憑信心到基督面前的人,都必得著憐憫,這點是千真萬確的(約63547-5154-57;羅116108-13)。蒙揀選的人在福音中聽到耶穌所要給予的;透過所聽到的福音,就被聖靈有效地呼召。福音和有效的呼召,都是因為基督受死,承擔了我們的罪才有的。那些拒絕基督所賜予之恩典的人,都是出於他們自己的自由意志(因為他們如此選擇,太221-7;約318),因此他們最終的滅亡也是自找的。而那些接待基督的人,則要學習為祂的十字架感謝祂,因為十字架是神主權救恩計劃的中心。


52 限定的救赎——耶稣基督为神的选民而死
Definite Redemption - Jesus Christ died for God's elect
《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。

我是好牧人,我认识我的羊,我的羊也认识我;正如父认识我,我也认识父一样,并且我为羊舍命。(约10:14-15

[限定的救赎]有时亦称作[特定的救赎][有效的救赎][有限的救赎],这是改革中一项历时性的教义,论及三一神在耶稣基督之死一事上,其意愿为何。这项教义毫不怀疑所献之祭的无限赎价,也不怀疑神真诚向所有[听见{福音}的人]发出的邀约(启22:17),它明言:基督的死真正除去了所有神选民的罪恶,并确保他们会重生,信主,并因信蒙神保守得以进入荣耀里——得荣才是主的救赎所要达到的目的。救赎的限定性与有效性带来它的[有效性]:即基督就祂死的有效性而言,祂并不是为每一个人死。并非所有人都得救了的这项事实,证明了这项教义,正符合圣经和经验合起来所教导我们的。

此外仅有的两种可能选择是:(1)真正的普救论,认为基督的死保证了人类每一份子——过去的、现在的、将来的——都会得救;或者是(2)假设的普救论,认为基督的死使每一个人都可能得到救恩,但是只有那些以信心回应并肯悔改的人,才会真正得着。但主的死并没有保证一定会相信并悔改。所以,选择有三:效果无限、范围有限的救赎(改革宗的特定救赎论),范围无限、效果有限的救赎(假设的普救论),或是效果无限、范围也无限的救赎(真正的普救论)。这三个我们究竟选择哪一个、其指引必须根据圣经来定。

圣经说,神已经拣选了我们这堕落族类中的许多人,要使他们得到救恩;神也曾差遣基督到世上来拯救他们(约6:37-4010:27-2911:51-52;罗8:28-29;弗1:3-14;彼前1:20)。圣经常说,基督已为特定的群体或个人而死,并清楚暗示,祂的死已为他们获取了救恩(约10:15-18,27-28;罗5:8-108:32;加2:203:13-144:4-5;约一4:9-10;启1:4-65:9-10)。基督面对死亡时,祂只为那些父神所赐给祂的人祷告,而不为世人——其余所有的人类——祷告(约17:920)。若主愿意为任何一个人死、却拒绝为他祷告,这是可思议的事吗?限定的救赎是以上三种看法里,唯一和圣经的记录符合的。


新约圣经一方面教导我们,在福音里有基督所赐的恩典,基督徒理当到处宣扬这福音;在另一方面,它则教导我们,基督在十字架上曾为神的选民获得了完全有效的救赎;这两者之间并没有不一致、也没有不连贯之处。所有凭信心到基督面前的人,都必得着怜悯,这点是千真万确的(约6:35,47-51,54-57;罗1:1610:8-13)。蒙拣选的人在福音中听到了基督的赐予;透过所听到的福音,就蒙圣灵有效的呼召了。福音和有效的呼召,都是因基督受死承担了我们的罪才有的。那些拒绝基督所赐予之恩典的人,都是出于他们自己的自由意志,愿意如此选择(太22:1-7;约3:18),因此他们最终的灭亡也是自找的。而那些领受基督的人,则要学习为祂十字架感谢祂,因为十字架是神主权救恩计划的中心。


DEFINITE REDEMPTION
JESUS CHRIST DIED FOR GOD’S ELECT

I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and my sheep know me—just as the Father knows me and I know the Father—and I lay down my life for the sheep. JOHN 10:14-15

Definite redemption, sometimes called “particular redemption,” “effective atonement,” and “limited atonement,” is an historic Reformed doctrine about the intention of the triune God in the death of Jesus Christ. Without doubting the infinite worth of Christ’s sacrifice or the genuineness of God’s “whoever will” invitation to all who hear the gospel (Rev. 22:17), the doctrine states that the death of Christ actually put away the sins of all God’s elect and ensured that they would be brought to faith through regeneration and kept in faith for glory, and that this is what it was intended to achieve. From this definiteness and effectiveness follows its limitedness: Christ did not die in this efficacious sense for everyone. The proof of that, as Scripture and experience unite to teach us, is that not all are saved.

The only possible alternatives are (a) actual universalism, holding that Christ’s death guaranteed salvation for every member of the human race, past, present, and future, or (b) hypothetical universalism, holding that Christ’s death made salvation possible for everyone but actual only for those who add to it a response of faith and repentance that was not secured by it. The choices are, therefore, an atonement of unlimited efficacy but limited extent (Reformed particularism), one of unlimited extent but limited efficacy (hypothetical universalism), or one of unlimited efficacy and unlimited extent (actual universalism). Scripture must be the guide in choosing between these possibilities.

Scripture speaks of God as having chosen for salvation a great number of our fallen race and having sent Christ into the world to save them (John 6:37-40; 10:27-29; 11:51-52; Rom. 8:28-39; Eph. 1:3-14; 1 Pet. 1:20). Christ is regularly said to have died for particular groups or persons, with the clear implication that his death secured their salvation (John 10:15-18, 27-29; Rom. 5:8-10; 8:32; Gal. 2:20, 3:13-14; 4:4-5; 1 John 4:9-10; Rev. 1:4-6; 5:9-10). Facing his passion, he prayed only for those the Father had given him, not for the “world” (i.e., the rest of mankind, John 17:9, 20). Is it conceivable that he would decline to pray for any whom he intended to die for? Definite redemption is the only one of the three views that harmonizes with this data.


There is no inconsistency or incoherence in the teaching of the New Testament about, on the one hand, the offer of Christ in the gospel, which Christians are told to make known everywhere, and, on the other hand, the fact that Christ achieved a totally efficacious redemption for God’s elect on the cross. It is a certain truth that all who come to Christ in faith will find mercy (John 6:35, 47-51, 54-57; Rom. 1:16; 10:8-13). The elect hear Christ’s offer, and through hearing it are effectually called by the Holy Spirit. Both the invitation and the effectual calling flow from Christ’s sin-bearing death. Those who reject the offer of Christ do so of their own free will (i.e., because they choose to, Matt. 22:1-7; John 3:18), so that their final perishing is their own fault. Those who receive Christ learn to thank him for the cross as the centerpiece of God’s plan of sovereign saving grace.


2018-11-13


原罪Original Sin

作者: 巴刻 (J.I. Packer)  译者: 张麟至
选自《简明神学》P69,更新传道会出版

堕落影响着每一个人

五十一5 我是在罪孽里生的,在我母亲怀胎的时候就有了罪。

根据圣经的诊断,罪是一种人性普遍的败坏,它发生在每一个人的每一部分(王上846;罗39-23718;约壹18-10)。新旧两约都给罪一些名称,以曝露罪的道德本质,诸如:悖逆神的管治,误失神所要人达到的目标,逾越神的律法,不服神的指引,污秽自己以干犯神的纯洁,在神这位判官面前招致罪咎。这种道德性的扭曲有其动力(This moral deformity is dynamic):罪的成立首先是出于对神的呼召与命令的一种非理性的、负面的、悖逆的反应,一种与神抗争,好让自己作神的精神。罪的根源是倨傲(pride),与神敌对,这种精神见之于亚当的首次犯罪;而罪行的背后,总是包含有一些思想、动机和欲望,以各种方式表达出人类堕落的心灵是如何刻意要顶撞神对我们生命所作的安排。

罪可以总括定义为:在行为、习惯、态度、看法、性情、动机和生存模式中,与神的律法不一致。描述罪的不同层面之经文有:耶利米书179,马太福音1230-37,马可福音720-23,罗马书118-32077-2585-81423(马丁路德说,保罗写罗马书是为了「把罪放大」),加拉太书516-21,以弗所书210-11417-19,希伯来书312。雅各书210-11,约翰壹书34517。保罗在书信中所提的「肉体」一词,通常是指被罪欲所驱使的人;此字亦可作「情欲」。圣经所查出并揭发之特定的缺失和邪恶,那更是多得无法在此胜数了。

“原罪”是指我们的本性所衍生的罪恶,这并不是圣经上的词彙,而是奥古斯丁创造的,然而它却将罪在我们的属灵体系里的实情,原本托出。原罪的主张并不是说,起初神造人时,罪是人性的一部分(神造的人是正直的,传729);也不是说,罪与繁衍和生产过程有关(利1215章中所谓的与月经、遗精、生产有关的不洁,只是预表性的、仪式性的,而非道德上的、真实的)。原罪的主张乃是说:(1) 罪恶在人一出生时就存在,在人犯下实际的罪行之前,罪恶已经藉著动机扭曲之心态存在了;(2) 这种内在的罪恶是所有实际罪行的根源;(3) 罪恶由亚当——人类在神面前的第一位代表——透过一种实在却神秘的途径,传给了我们。原罪的主张强调:我们不是因为犯了罪,才成为罪人;而是因为我们是罪人,生来就有被罪奴役的性情,我们才犯罪。

“全然堕落”(total depravity)一词,常常被用来把原罪的涵义表明清楚。它指明我们在道德与灵性上的败坏是全然的。完全不是指程度而言(因为人有可能比他现在坏的程度更坏),而是指范围而言。这教义宣告,人没有一处不被罪玷污,所以,我们的行为不会像我们应该有的光景那样好。结果,导致在我们里面的、和我们有关的事物,在神的眼中看来,没有一样是有功绩的,无论我们做什么,我们都无法赢得神的喜悦;除非神的恩典拯救我们,我们是失丧的。

全然败坏的教义也隐含了全然无能的教义。全然无能是指一种光景,人靠他自己无法真诚地、全心地回应神和祂的话(约644;罗87-8)。保罗称这种无力回应神的堕落之心,为一种死亡的状态(弗215;西213)。威敏思特信仰告白,第9章第3条说:「人因堕落在罪恶的状态中,已经完全丧失一切的意志力,不再能实行任何与救恩伴随之属灵的良善。所以属血气的人既是与属灵的良善完全相反,并且死在罪中,他就不可能靠自己的力量,自行归正,也不能自行预备归正。」


Original Sin - Depravity Infects Everyone
By J.I. Packer (from Concise Theology)

"Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me" (Ps. 51:5)

Scripture diagnoses sin as a universal deformity of human nature, found at every point in every person (1 Kings 8:46; Rom. 3:9-23; 7:18; 1 John 1:8-10). Both Testaments have names for it that display its ethical character as rebellion against God's rule, missing the mark God set us to aim at, transgressing God's law, disobeying God's directives, offending God's purity by defiling oneself, and incurring guilt before God the Judge. This moral deformity is dynamic: sin stands revealed as an energy of irrational, negative, and rebellious reaction to God's call and command, a spirit of fighting God in order to play God. The root of sin is pride and enmity against God, the spirit seen in Adam's first transgression; and sinful acts always have behind them thoughts, motives, and desires that one way or another express the willful opposition of the fallen heart to God's claims on our lives.

Sin may be comprehensively defined as lack of conformity to the law of God in act, habit, attitude, outlook, disposition, motivation, and mode of existence. Scriptures that illustrate different aspects of sin include Jeremiah 17:9; Matthew 12:30-37; Mark 7:20-23; Romans 1:18-3:20; 7:7-25; 8:5-8; 14:23 (Luther said that Paul wrote Romans to "magnify sin"); Galatians 5:16-21; Ephesians 2:1-3; 4:17-19; Hebrews 3:12; James 2:10-11; 1 John 3:4; 5:17. Flesh in Paul usually means a human being driven by sinful desire; the niv renders these instances of the word as "sinful nature." The particular faults and vices (i.e., forms and expression of sin) that Scripture detects and denounces are too numerous to list here.

Original sin, meaning sin derived from our origin, is not a biblical phrase (Augustine coined it), but it is one that brings into fruitful focus the reality of sin in our spiritual system. The assertion of original sin means not that sin belongs to human nature as God made it (God made mankind upright, Eccles. 7:29), nor that sin is involved in the processes of reproduction and birth (the uncleanness connected with menstruation, semen, and childbirth in Leviticus 12 and 15 was typical and ceremonial only, not moral and real), but that (a) sinfulness marks everyone from birth, and is there in the form of a motivationally twisted heart, prior to any actual sins; (b) this inner sinfulness is the root and source of all actual sins; (c) it derives to us in a real though mysterious way from Adam, our first representative before God. The assertion of original sin makes the point that we are not sinners because we sin, but rather we sin because we are sinners, born with a nature enslaved to sin.

The phrase total depravity is commonly used to make explicit the implications of original sin. It signifies a corruption of our moral and spiritual nature that is total not in degree (for no one is as bad as he or she might be) but in extent. It declares that no part of us is untouched by sin, and therefore no action of ours is as good as it should be, and consequently nothing in us or about us ever appears meritorious in God's eyes. We cannot earn God's favor, no matter what we do; unless grace saves us, we are lost.

Total depravity entails total inability, that is, the state of not having it in oneself to respond to God and his Word in a sincere and wholehearted way (John 6:44; Rom. 8:7-8). Paul calls this unresponsiveness of the fallen heart a state of death (Eph. 2:1, 5; Col. 2:13), and the Westminster Confession says: "Man by his fall into a state of sin, hath wholly lost all ability of will to any spiritual good accompanying salvation; so as a natural man, being altogether averse from that good, and dead in sin, is not able by his own strength to convert himself, or to prepare himself thereunto" (IX. 3).




2018-01-08

 三位一体   Trinity

作者: 巴刻(J.I. Packer)  译者:张麟至
选自《简明神学》35-37页,更新传道会2013

耶和华以色列的君,以色列的救赎主万军之耶和华如此说:我是首先的,我是末后的;除我以外再没有真神。(赛446

旧约圣经不断地坚持说,只有一位神(注1),就是那位自我启示的造物主,人惟独要敬拜祂、爱慕祂(申64-5;赛4464525)。新约圣经也这么说(可1229-30;林前84;弗46;提前25),但是它还说到有三个位格的神——父、子、圣灵——同工,好像一个团队一样,使得救恩得以完成(罗8章;弗13-14;帖后213-14;彼前12)。「三位一体」(其拉丁文为trinitus,意思是「三」)之教义在历史上的正式陈述,是要为这个奥秘下一个定义,并持定它(不是解释它,因为它超过人的智慧之外)。要陈述这个教义,却使我们必须面对人心思所处理过的最困难的思想。这个陈述不易,但却是真理。

「三位一体」的教义乃是由新约历史所报导的史实,以及人根据这些史实所宣讲的启示教训而产生。耶稣借着向祂的父神祷告,并教导祂的门徒应如此祷告,使他们信服祂自己的位格是具有神性的。而相信耶稣的神性,并认定向祂献上敬拜与祷告是对的,这正是新约信仰的根基(约2028-31;另参约118;徒759;罗95109-13;林后127-9;腓25-6;西115-1729;来11-12;彼前315)。耶稣曾应许要差遣另一位保惠师来(祂自己是第一位);名为保惠师,就意味着祂多方面角色的职事——为策士、为维护者、为帮助者、为安慰者、为盟友、为支持者(约1416-17261526-27167-15)。这另一位保惠师在五旬节降临,以成就神所应许的职事,祂就是圣灵。从一开始,祂就被人认明是第三位神圣的位格;彼得曾在五旬节后不久说过,欺哄圣灵就是欺哄神(徒53-4)。

所以基督规定洗礼要「奉父、子、圣灵的名」执行(此处「名」是单数,表示只有一位神,所以只有一个名字),这三个位格乃同一的神,是基督徒委身的对象(太2819)。因此,我们在耶稣自己受洗的记载里,也看见这三个位格:父承认子,而圣灵则在子的生平与职事里显明祂的同在(可19-11)。准此,我们在哥林多后 1314里读到了三一神的祝福;在启示录14-5则读到了一个求恩惠、平安,由父、灵、基督而来的祷告。(如果约翰不认为圣灵之有神性,一如父、子之有神性的话,他会将灵夹在父与子之间吗?)这些是新约圣经里比较明显有「三一神」的见解和强调之经文。虽然在此没有历史上「三位一体论」的术语出现,但是三位一体的信仰和思想却贯穿在字里行间;以此而论,「三位一体」应被人承认为符合圣经的教义,它是论及神的永恒真理。它隐含于旧约,却显明、清晰于新约。

此一教义的基本主张是:这一位神的「合一」(unity)是「复合」的(complex)。这三个位格的「存活形态」(subsistences),如神学家这样称呼祂们,是同等的、同为永远的自觉中心;每一位格对于另两位的「你」而言,都是「我」;每一位格和另两位格都有份于完全神圣的本质(如我们姑且称之为神的「实质」)。祂们不是由一位神所扮演的三个角色(那叫「形态论」,modalism),也不是三位神成为一个群体(那叫「三神论」,tritheism)。这位神是一位(祂),也是三位(祂们)。这三位永远是在一起合作的:父起头、子顺从、灵执行两者的意旨,其实也正是祂自己的意旨。这项论及神的真理透过耶稣的所言、所行启示出来了,它也是救恩实际的根基,正如新约圣经所揭示的。

「三位一体」之教义实际上的重要性,在于当神施行恩惠职事在我们身上时,它要求我们同等地注重三一神合一里的三个位格,同等尊荣祂们。神恩惠的职事乃福音的主题,正如耶稣和尼哥德慕的谈话里所显示的,若不分清神救恩计划里祂们角色的不同,这职事是无从说明清楚的(约31-15,尤其请注意其中第35-813-15诸节,以及约翰在316-21的诠释)。所有用非三位一体的神学来陈述基督教信息的,从圣经的标准看来,都属不当,事实上也根本是错谬的,很自然地会把基督徒的生活弄得走样。


 1.译者注:「三位一体」的「位」是「位格」的「位」(personality),是名词。「一位神」的的「位」则是人数的单位,不可混淆。因此,「位」何指,要看上下文而定。英文则无此种的混淆。