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2020-04-20


神学的自由主义与保守主义 (Liberalism and Conservatism in Theology )

聖經辭條


“自由”一词,是指随时欢迎新思想,不受传统或非理性钳制的自由。在过去一百五十年间,这词有三方面的用法∶1.法国天主教会争取政治的民主和教会改革的人士;2.圣公会要求的教义宽松;3.更正教那些持守后启蒙运动(Enlightenment)时期之观点的人,他们在神学上秉承士来马赫(Schleiermacher)和立敕尔(Ritschl),在哲学上兼承康德(Kant)和黑格尔(Hegel),在圣经研究则兼承史特劳斯(Strauss)和威尔浩生(Julius Wellhausen, 18441918)。
  
一般说来,“自由主义”是描述上述第2和第3项的人。他们都是当时举足轻重的人物,对前启蒙时代的思想不满,又是以理性为重的神学家。下列各项是他们思想的重心∶
  
1.把信仰的重心变成以当代的人为中心,及具自然主义特色的观念;若有需要,则不惜放弃传统的信仰。
  
2.对传统基督教的超自然(Super-natural)主义存疑,不愿接纳某些只因圣经或教会肯定为对的事便视之为对;具实证主义者(Positivist)的倾向,喜欢对圣经及教会的教导给予“客观”、“科学”和反神迹的评价;以及爱把时下学者受文化模造的思想,高置圣经及教会传统之上。
  
3.认为圣经只是人的宗教思想及经验的记录,不是神启示(Revelation)的真理;对圣经作者记录的,亦是基督教赖以为基础的事实怀疑;强调教会不应坚持己见,应接纳神学的多元性,并且要以个人和社会伦理为教导的核心,坚持教会存在的目的是改造社会,不是使别人信福音而得救。
  
4.认为神的工作主要是在文化的发展,如哲学、社会学、道德及美学,是一种遍在论(immanentist),或次三一论(sub-Trinitarian)的神观;在基督论(Christology)上则采取非道成肉身论,只看耶稣为宗教先驱、一个典范,是完全被神充满的人,而不是神圣的救赎主;对世界则采取乐观、进化的态度(参进程神学,Process Theology),认为神的计划是使不成熟的人类成长,不是救赎堕落的人类。
  
5.对人类文化的潜能抱着积极乐观的心态,以为人藉着反省自己的经验便能认识神,进而撘建出一套可行的自然神学(Natural Theology);相信一切宗教均来自人对神共有的认识,分别只在枝节的解释和不同的着重点,而各宗教是站在不同的进化阶梯上,至终会同归一源;因此敌视基督教任何排他的宣称(参基督教与其他宗教,Christianity and Other Religions)。
  
6.否认始祖的堕落(Fall)使全人类蒙上罪咎(Guilt)、玷污,和灵性无能,反认为人类在属灵事上是不断提升的;否认替代受刑的赎罪论(Atonement),和因信称义(Justification)是本于基督的归义;反接受道德影响论,认为基督的死不过具一种领导的作用,而神祇本于人悔罪的基础来饶恕人。他们亦否认有一天基督会再来,而认为道德进步的结果,会在地上建立上帝国(Kingdom of God)。
  
自由主义控制了欧洲更正教达半个世纪;直到第一次世界大战爆发,人类的乐观精神和自信心完全崩溃,领导神学界之权杖交到持存在主义(Existentialism)圣经观之新正统主义的天才巴特(Barth)手上。在英语世界,不同形式的自由主义,在学术界仍努力借尸还魂,但常常还是彼此不相容。
  
 “保守主义”是指抗拒自由主义的一种努力。此派思想的人认为,自由主义只是小圈子的离道越轨的乖行,是既非客观、非科学,又是非理性的;他们企图藉此保守教义,使教会传统保持纯正,不受侵害。保守派人士包括更正教、安立甘大公主义者(Anglo-Catholic),和罗马天主教等人士;也有保守派的圣经学者、神学家、教会、宗派、福音机构,以及神学院。我们有保守的基督教文宣和保守的宣教学,以传福音为首务。在这意义之下,保守主义并不带有任何特别的政治立场或末世的期望,纵使反对者有这样的说法。自称为基要主义(Fundamentalism)的人常是最极端的保守主义者。在过去四十年间,保守主义大大得势,但在大宗派教会内,他们仍属少数的行列。
  
另参∶福音派神学(Evangelical Theology);德国自由主义(Liberalism, German)。
   
参考书目
D. G. Bloesch, Essentials of Evangelical Theology, 2 vols.(San Francisco, 1978); R. J. Coleman, Issues of Theological Conflict: Evangelicals and Liberals(Grand Rapids, 1980);J. D. Douglas(ed.), Let the Earth Hear His Voice: International Congress on World Evangelization(Minneapolis, 1975); G. M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture(New York, 1980); J. I. Packer, 'Fundamentalism' and the Word of God(London, 1958); B. Reardon, Liberal Protestantism(London, 1968).


2019-01-05

自由派解经法LIBERAL INTERPRETATION

 摘录自《基督教释经学》Protestant Biblical interpretation第二章,P.53-57,兰姆(Bernard Ramm)著/詹正义译,美国活泉出版社, 1983

早在霍布士(Thomas Hobbes)和斯宾挪莎(Baruch Spinoza)时代,他们就以惟理主义者的观点来看圣经。今天学者间有关圣经的辩论,实际也是惟理主义对抗权威主义的辩论。追根究底来说,圣经研究中的惟理主义基本上只相信一句话:凡是不合受过教育者的看法,皆不应被接受。对于“受过教育”的定义,那些批评派的人有很特别的看法。权威主义派的人主张神的权威,他们断言:神若说话,人的心智惟有顺服神的声音。我们不能否认,这样的看法有几分盲目的权威主义之嫌,但这并不是说权威主义就是反知识的。惟理主义者所立的前提把人导入对圣经的极端批评主义。

这种对圣经的极端批评,在第十九世纪达到了最高潮。一般而言,到了二十世纪中叶,大部分的神学院都接受了极端批评主义的基本论题,以及许多极端批评主义者所达致的结论。巴尔特主义(Batthian)对这个立场的反动,我们以后要专题讨论。从大体上来看,这些宗教上的自由主义者,在研究圣经时遵循下列的规则:

第一, 他们相信我们研究圣经的方法应该受“现代的看法”之管制。他们所谓的“现代的看法” Modern Mentality)包括了许多内容,例如:高等教育机构所使用的学术标准、科学的看法和科学方法的可靠性、受过教育者的道德标准等。圣经中的记录若不合以上的标准,就应当被弃绝。学术的要求是,把所有的书都看作是人的作品,都采用同一方法来研究,圣经也不例外。科学认定自然界的规律性,因此神迹之说不应被接受。有关罪、堕落、地狱的道理,和自由派的道德标准发生抵触,所以应该被抛弃。如果圣经的某一卷似乎是“拼凑”起来的,那么人就可以自由的把其经文次序重新加以安排。摩法特(Moffatt)所翻译的约翰福音就如此重新安排过。如果经文含义不明的话,就可以加以增删,修正标准译本(RSV)旧约部分就当常如此作。

第二, 他们给灵感或默示重新下定义。他们拒绝接受一切形式的灵感,真实灵感、逐字灵感、完全灵感、动力灵感,一律都不接受。既然自由主义拒绝接受神一切超越的、神迹的活动,当然就不接受有关灵感和启示的这种超自然的道理。他们采用科尔雷基(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)的原则以取代灵感的道理:所谓圣经的灵感,乃是可以激发人的宗教经验之能力。他们重新给启示定义为:人对宗教真理的洞察力,或是人对宗教真理的发现。或者如富可迪(Harry E.Fosdick)所说的:“从下面往上看,是人的发现;从上面往下看,是神的启示。”

批评研究的标准是“耶稣的精神”。圣经中凡适合于“耶稣的精神”的,都是标准的规范,凡是伦理和道德标准不及“耶稣的精神”的,就没有什么拘束的作用。在这一点上,这一派的一位学者(Bewer)说得很清楚,“对基督徒而言,他的惟一标准规范就是在耶稣身上的启示出来的神的精神……旧约圣经中那些和耶稣的精神相抵触的地方,或是对我们没有直接属灵意义的,对我们就不具有权威。”

这就是说,圣经的教义或神学内容对我们没有约束力。撒巴帖(Louis A. Sabatier)认为,宗教经验是最要紧的,神学乃是在有了宗教经验以后,回头思想所得的结果。宗教经验用思想形态不能完全表达出来,因此神学概念所表达的只不过是宗教经验的记号而已。富可迪完全赞同这个论题,在他看来宗教经验乃是一个宗教的核心,神学的形式都是暂时性的。他所写的书中,有一章的标题就是:“永存的经验和改变中的范畴”,他主要的论题是:“基督教之中永存的并不是用头脑想出来的一个架构,而是永不消失的经验。历世历代的人,用他们不同的思想方式,把这永存的经验表达出来,这种经验一定会长大,其所包含的内容必然越来越丰富。”

第三, 超自然的再定义。超自然可以定义为:不寻常的、神迹性的、神谕性的,不是平常人的知识或能力所能认识的。或者可以定义为:超越物质秩序之上,或超越单纯的自然程序之上的,例如:祷告、伦理、纯粹的思想、不朽等等。历史上的正统派,这两个定义都接受。宗教的自由主义者却只接受后者。

圣经中凡是属于第一种定义的超自然,他们一律拒绝接受。这一派的一个学者(Colwell)说,解释圣经的方法应该和解释其他古典文献的方法一样。基督徒不能采用一个特别的原则。因此,古典文献中那些怪力乱神的记载,因为不合我们的科学观念,我们都拒绝接受,同样的,圣经中所记载的神迹我们也不能接受。圣经中的神迹以及超自然的记载,他们就视之为民间传说、神话、或诗歌的描述。

第四, 把进化论的观念应用于以色列的宗教以及这宗教所保存下来的文献。富可迪所着的《圣经的现代用法》(The Modern Use of the Bible)被认为是把威尔浩生(Wellhausen)学派对旧约的解释表达的最淋漓透彻的。在伦理上和宗教上那些原始的、粗糙的资料都是属于早期的,而那些比较进步、高超的,都是属于晚期的。所以我们可以把以色列人的宗教演进过程重新排列出来,而其文献(旧约)也可以重新加以安排。按照富可迪的看法,“现在我们知道,圣经中的每一个观念开始时都是原始的,像小孩子一样。虽然中间有挫折、退步,但是至终都长成到基督福音中的丰盛地步。”

在研究圣经的正典时,因为他有这种观念,所以就把先知置于律法之前。威尔浩生的基本立场,必须把旧约中的各卷书以及书中的材料,作相当程度的重新安排。

同样的方法也应用在新约上面。哈纳克(Adolf von Harnack)的《何谓基督教》(What is Christianity?)被认为是把宗教自由主义者的观点表达得最精细、最清楚的。他的论题是:耶稣按照先知的最高标准,乃是一个好人。可是神学的思想和希腊的形而上学思想,却把他转变成一个信条中的奇怪神人。新约的批评学者必须具有考古学专家和地质学专家的能力,能够把加在历史的耶稣身上那一层层的附加物剥除。

然而考古学上的发现、更进一步的批判研究、以及新发现的许多蒲纸文献,已经证明这种层层剥除的方法是完全失败了。现在的形式批评学(Form Criticism)则致力于研究新约文献成文以前的发展历史。他们认为,新约乃是基督徒团体因为他们属灵上的需要而创造出来的,所以福音书所记的不是基督的生活,而是早期教会的生活。

第五, 适应的观念被应用于圣经。由于使用古代过渡性的、会败坏的神学词句,圣经中的许多神学内容都被削弱或被摧毁了。例如:保罗要描写基督之死时,所能够用的词句只是犹太人的献血祭。所以,保罗所传的代赎的道理乃是为适应当时人的观念,对我们没有什么拘束力。他们说,为了适应犹太人的观念和需要,我们主的教训都用他们的了解来讲的,特别是论到圣经时。比如说:亚当和夏娃的历史真实性,约拿的历史真实性,以及大卫是诗篇的作者等等。

宗教的自由主义者觉得,他们的使命是要用现代的语言,把新约教义的精义讲述出来。为了完成这使命,他们必须把新旧约文化的那些观念和象征去除。

第六, 用彻底的历史方法来解释圣经。宗教的自由主义者以特别的贬低态度,使用历史的解经法。

他们所追求的不只是研究各段圣经的历史背景,他们的目的是要破除圣经的独特性。他们使圣经成为一个不断改变,不断迁移的现象,所以我们不能说,哪一个时期的宗教是正统的,哪一个时期的圣经文献是正典。他们相信,神学信仰是由不同的社会条件所造成的,所以解释圣经的人不必像正统派的人所说的那样,一味的护卫这些神学信仰。他们以为圣经宗教在发展过程中,不断和四周围的宗教有所接触,他们所强调的是,圣经“借用”自其他宗教的因素、圣经和其他宗教“溷合”的地方,以及圣经如何“净化”其他的宗教观念。

更进一步说,因为他们太强调,我们一定要了解某段经文对当时听众的意义,结果他们就不接受预言中的那些预言性和预告性的因素。他们也拒绝这一类的预言,他们认为,基督虽然是出于善意的信心,却往往滥用了旧约中的预言。

第七, 宗教的自由主义受到了哲学的影响。康德(Immanuel Kant)主张,宗教的精髓乃是伦理或道德的意志。他自己所使用解释圣经的方法,完全是伦理的解经法。凡是与伦理无关的,他即将之丢弃。像这样强调圣经中的伦理因素,而巧妙的排除用神学的角度来解释圣经,在自由主义者使用圣经的方法上,扮演着一个非常重要的角色。

自然神论(Deism)也把伦理当作是宗教的精髓。曾经担任过美国总统的杰弗逊(Jefferson),就采用标准的自然神论的方式,把福音书中关于伦理道德的经文挑出来,而把有关神学的经文丢弃,编印了一本他自己的杰弗逊圣经。

黑格尔主义(Hegelianism)对解释圣经也有其影响。按照黑格尔的看法,事物演进的程序是循着三个阶段:正论、反论、综合。这种黑格尔三部曲被应用于包括宗教在内的人类一切宗教的演进过程上。黑格尔派的学者,很快的就把这理论应用于圣经的记录上。威尔浩生把这理论应用于旧约,而施特劳斯(Davd F.Strauss)和杜平根派则将之应用于新约。因此,按照杜平根学派(Tuebingen School)的了解,保罗派和彼得派之间的斗争,按照路加的方式得到了综合。

伦理的理想主义,以及带有强烈伦理和宗教因素的理想主义,也影响了美国的自由主义。美国宗教哲学早期人物中有两个人必须特别一提,一个是罗益式(Josiah Royce),另一个是包尼。包尼的个人主义通过他的历代门徒,对于美国的循道派和自由派神学有着相当大的影响。

上帝賜下聖經,不是讓我們復述原文原句,而是要我們作為上帝自由又有思想的孩子,可以把整本聖經融會貫通,以上帝的意念為我們的意念。這是一個無比艱巨的任務,單靠個人的努力是無法實現的。教會被賦予這樣的使命,上帝也賜下聖靈,要帶領教會進入一切的真理。這個任務已經進行了幾個世紀。假如我們把自己從教會當中孤立出來,從基督教整體,從教義的歷史當中完全分別出來,就等於我們失去了基督信仰的真理。



2017-11-16

司布真与“降格争议”Spurgeonand the Downgrade Controversy

 作者/譯者:Paul Mizzi/Duncan Liang

浸信会传道人司布真,以及他所参与的反对人称之为“降格”的自由主义的斗争The Baptist preacher C.H. Spurgeon and his involvement in the controversy against liberalism known as the Downgrade.

“降格争议”涉及的主要问题Major issues of the Downgrade Controversy

司布真勇敢地遵从了那“要为从前一次交付圣徒的真道竭力争辩”的命令,尽管他恨恶为争论而争论,然而他把抵制在福音派(特别是在浸信会联盟)中人所能见,从保守的基督教真理中后退的倾向视为己任。The appeal to earnestly contend for the faith once delivered unto the saints was heroically obeyed by Spurgeon. Though he hated controversy for its own sake, yet he accounted it his duty to resist a palpable trend within evangelicalism (and particularly within the Baptist Union) that regressed from conservative Christian truth.

司布真审视在抗罗宗教会内部日渐升起的高等批判运动,他很不情愿,不得不开口捍卫真道。在这场争论中事情是怎样发展的,有哪些主要问题?十九世纪科学,哲学,语言和历史都录得许多的进步,可以说另外一次的文艺复兴正在形成,许多人开口表达对事物准确和进步的新的关切。As Spurgeon assessed the steady rise of Higher Criticism within the Protestant Churches, he reluctantly had to speak up in defence of the Faith. How did the state of things come about, and what were the major issues in the Controversy? During the nineteenth century many advances in science, philosophy, languages and history were registered. It could be said that another Renaissance was taking place; a new concern for accuracy and progress was voiced by many.

然而在这场前进的努力中,已经建立起来的基督教教条开始受到公开的质疑,甚至被人否认;古来的来源被批判性地加以审查,传统上为人接受的东西落在人的查验之下。在福音派内部存在着一种看法,就是如果其他领域可以取得进步,那么为什么教会内部不可以进步?我们的属灵认识为什么要保持静止不动?However, in this effort to advance, established Christian dogma began to be openly questioned and even denied; old sources were critically examined; what was traditionally accepted was brought under examination. Within evangelicalism, it was reasoned that if in other spheres advances were possible, then why not within the church? Why should our spiritual knowledge remain static?

那些举起所谓进步旗帜的人愿意对圣经内容采取一种不那么严格,更少批判性的态度,在司布真身为成员的浸信会联盟里,有几位领袖人物存在着一种越来越明显的倾向,他们改变强调坚持点,离开那古旧的福音。Those who raised the banner of so-called progress were willing to adopt a less rigid and less uncritical attitude to the contents of Scripture. There was in the Baptist Union, of which Spurgeon was a member, a growing shift of emphasis, by several of its leaders, away from the old gospel.

这并不令人感到惊奇,因为在这时候,在达尔文所著《物种起源》一书中所宣扬的进化论在各个方面都开始受人注意。另外,大不列颠正看到德国高等批判运动的入侵,它怀疑圣经的准确性和可靠性。许多传道人被带领走上歪路,进到无知的辩论和空谈的里面,而这一切都是在进步的名义下进行的。This is not surprising, since it was the time during which the influence of Darwins theory of evolution, as propounded in his book The Origin of Species, was being felt all around. Besides, Great Britain was witnessing an influx of Germany’s higher criticism, casting doubt on the integrity and reliability of Holy Scripture. Many preachers were being led astray into idle and vain speculation...in the name of progress.

尽管许多教义,比如永远的惩罚,基督的神性等受到了质疑,但超越其他一切的主要问题是圣经是否为神默示,是否可靠。圣经作为不死的神无误的话语,作为信心和行为唯一的准则正受到攻击。这场争论的名字来自这个事实,就是那真正的圣经神学,由圣经塑造,蕴藏在圣经中的抗罗宗信仰,正处在“降格”之中。Though many doctrines came to be questioned, such as eternal punishment and the deity of Christ, the major issue above all else was the inspiration and absolute reliability of Scripture. The Scripture, as the inert Word of the undying God, as the sole rule of faith and practice, was being undermined. The Controversy took its name from the fact that true scriptural theology, the Protestant Faith as shaped by and embedded in Scripture, was on the ‘downgrade.’

主要的争战方The main combatants

作为一个热爱神和他的真理的人,司布真不能继续保持沉默。当他察觉到这样的光景时,他被迫要采取公开的行动。他开始给浸信会联盟写信,要求联盟采纳一种福音派的信仰宣言。到那时为止,加入联盟的唯一条件就是人要相信成年人全身浸入受洗。司布真意识到,面对向福音发起的进攻,这个要求是何等不足。As a lover of God and His truth, Spurgeon could not remain silent. When he became aware of this situation he was forced to taken public action. He began by writing to the Baptist Union and requested that it should adopt an evangelical statement of faith. Till then, the only condition for membership in the Union was that one believes in adult baptism by immersion. Spurgeon realized how minimal this was in the face of the attacks that were being made upon the Gospel.

因着联盟对那些削弱圣经真理的人不采取纪律措施的缘故,他的请求就越显得重要。纳塔尔主教科连索于1862年在南非因着攻击摩西五经的真实性而被革职。然而当他回到英格兰的时候,人们却没有坚持说他被革职是正当的。司布真写道:“神的话语在这个世代是一件小事;一些人甚至不相信它是受到默示的;那些宣称敬畏它的人树立起其他的书籍,作为对它的一种对抗。嗨,现在有地位极高的教会显贵写文章反对圣经,然而却能找到主教为他们辩护。” His request was all the more important because no disciplinary action was being taken against those who undermined Bible truth. Colenso, Bishop of Natal, was deposed in South Africa in 1862 for impugning the authenticity of the Pentateuch. However on his return to England the validity of his deposition was not upheld. Spurgeon wrote: “God’s Word, in this age, is a small affair; some do not even believe it to be inspired; and those who profess to revere it set up other books in a sort of rivalry with it. Why, there are great Church dignitaries now-a-days who write against the Bible, and yet find bishops to defend them.”

新派神学有许多的支持者。它在公理会里头占了主要地位。戴尔(R.W. Dale)公开宣告反对罪人永远受惩罚的教义。他选择了永灭论。更加伤害的是他采纳了一种立场,就是在教义上接受基督的神性,这对得救的信心来说并不是必要条件。他宣称,如果我们摒弃圣经无误这古旧的信念,基督对于我们也没有迷失。戴尔是如此厚颜无耻,以致他对一群牧师宣告:“我们之间现在没有权威加以阻隔 - 在你和我服事的会众,和那正是神的真理的他之间没有权威置身其中。” The New School of Theology had many supporters. It was dominant in Congregationalism. R.W. Dale had declared openly against the eternal punishment of the wicked. He opted for the theory of annihilation. To add insult to injury, he took the stand that a doctrinal acceptance of the deity of Christ was not a sine qua non for saving faith. Christ is not lost to us, he claimed, if we discard the old belief in the inerrancy of Scripture. Dale was so brazen-faced that he declared to a group of ministers: “There is now no authority to come between us - to come between the congregation to which you and I have to minister, and Him who is the very truth of God.”

侯顿(R.F. Horton)和 麦肯南(Alexander MacKennal 戴尔的支持者。他们很狡猾地把教条说成是一种终极的声明,教义则是某种不断进步的事情,就这样把两者分开。他们宣称我们应当保留教义(因为它是受人影响的),而拒绝教条。侯顿以“进步”的名义拒绝的其中一条教条就是圣经是神所默示的。R.F. Horton and Alexander MacKennal were Dales supporters. They cunningly distinguished between dogma as a final statement, and doctrine which was something always progressing. While we should retain doctrine (because it is pliable by men), we should reject dogma, they claimed. One of the dogmas Horton rejected, in the name of “progressive” views, was the inspiration of the Bible.

司布真不能接受这一切。如果圣经降服在那仅仅是人的随意思想之下,那么信仰就变得极为危险地充满主观性。他写道:“现在这变成了一个严重的问题,就是那些坚守从前一次交付圣徒的真道的人在和那些离开,接受了别的福音的人来往要到哪个地步。基督徒相爱是有根据的,分争是严重的罪,应当避免。但是我们和那些离开真理的人结盟有多大的正当理由呢?”对司布真来说情况到了危急的地步:真理受到攻击,照他的判断对方已经是偏向“别的福音”了。Spurgeon would have none of this. Should the Bible be surrendered to the whims of mere men, then the Faith becomes so dangerously subjective. He wrote: “It now becomes a serious question how far those who abide by the faith once delivered to the saints should fraternize with those who have turned aside to another gospel. Christian love has its claims, and divisions are to be shunned as grievous evils; but how far are we justified in being in confederacy with those who are departing from the truth?” For Spurgeon the situation was critical: the truth was under fire and in his assessment the opponents had turned to “another gospel.”

在尽最大努力警告和呼吁那些浸信会联盟内部在位的人,特别是它的秘书布斯(S.H. Booth)之后,司布真于18871028日退出了该联盟。他的理由是联盟宁愿要宗派的和睦而不尽对付谬误的责任,因着对罪的容忍,这使得基督徒的退出成为无可避免的事。After doing his utmost to warn and appeal those in authority within the Baptist Union, especially its secretary S.H. Booth, Spurgeon withdrew from it on October 28th, 1887. His reason was that the Union was preferring denominational peace to the duty of dealing with error and thus, by tolerating sin, they made the withdrawal of Christians unavoidable.

他的立场不可动摇。在《军刀与镘刀》杂志上他对此事讲得十分清楚:“相信基督赎罪祭的信徒现在与那些轻慢这点的人公开结盟;相信圣经的信徒与那些否认完全默示的人结盟;那些持守福音教义的人与那些称人的堕落是一个故事,否认圣灵的位格,称因信称义是不道德的,坚持死后还有另外一个机会的人公开结盟。... ...我们庄严地确信,我们不应该假装有相交。与显露出来,重大的错误相交就是在罪中有份。” His stand was unshakeable. In The Sword and the Trowel, he expressed it clearly: “Believers in Christ’s atonement are now in declared union with those who make light of it; believers in Holy Scripture are in confederacy with those who deny plenary inspiration; those who hold evangelical doctrine are in open alliance with those who call the fall a fable, who deny the personality of the Holy Ghost, who call justification by faith immoral, and hold that there is another probation after death...It is our solemn conviction that there should be no pretence of fellowship. Fellowship with known and vital error is participation in sin” (emphasis in the original).

后来他写道:“我希望全体基督教界明白,我向联盟全部的要求就是它要建立在圣经的基础上。” Later he wrote: I would like all Christendom to know that all I asked of the Union is that it be formed on a Scriptural basis.

从这场争议中学到的功课Applied lessons from the Controversy

争议本身从来就不是令人愉快的事情,但就好像所有其他争战一样,神呼召教会战斗,“在你们中间不免有分门结党的事,好叫那些有经验的人,显明出来” (林前11:19)。每一位信徒应当牢记在心最大的教训就是要预备站在破口之中,不为敌人的猛烈进攻所吓倒。尽管世人都要跌倒,但基督徒要宣告和捍卫真道。司布真因为涉及到这场争议当中而健康恶化,然而他不愿沉默不语。“我因信,所以如此说话”(林后 4:13)。我们越蒙恩赐,对我们在前线进入阵地的呼召就越急迫。司布真看到这点,他忠心地服从。Controversy is never pleasant in itself, but as in every other battle that the church is called to fight, “there must be also heresies among you, that they which are approved may be made manifest among you” (1 Corinthians 11:19). The prime lesson to be taken to heart by every believer is to be ready to stand in the breach and not be intimidated by the onslaught of the enemy. Though the world fall, yet the Christian is to proclaim and defend the Faith. Spurgeon’s health suffered because of his engagement in the Controversy, and yet he would not keep silent. “I believed, and therefore have I spoken” (2 Corinthians 4:13). And the more gifted we are the more urgent becomes the call the take our place on the front. Spurgeon saw this and faithfully obeyed.

尽管相对而言很少人站在司布真一边,然而他没有被吓倒。真理一定要被证明为正确,现在历史已经证明了这位真理捍卫者的正确。我们这些今天的基督徒感激他面对邪恶浪潮的勇敢。那么我们岂不也是蒙了呼召去同样行,与敌人争战,放弃舒适和受人尊敬吗?Though comparatively few sided with Spurgeon, yet he would not be deterred. Truth must be vindicated...and history has now vindicated Truths Defender. We Christians today are appreciative of his boldness to withstand the evil tide. Are we then not called to do the same, that is, to engage the enemy and forego comfort and respectability?

在这场争战最激烈的时候,司布真所讲的话值得我们思考。“不管是浸信派教会,或者圣公会,或者长老宗教会,只要错误偏离了基督的道路,它对我们任何人来说就根本算不上什么;我们所关心的是基督,以及基督的真理,我们要越过人所造的一切障碍,加以跟随。”司布真伟大之处在于他看到,即使他自己要与他自己的宗派脱离关系,只要真理这样要求,他就会这样做。许多时候我们看到自己在捍卫我们自己的宗派,丑陋的,所有的我们都捍卫,而不停下来思考我们自己的宗派可能根本就是错了。In the heat of the battle, Spurgeon made comment that is worthwhile considering. “Whether it be the Baptist Church, or the Episcopalian, or the Presbyterian Church which errs from Christ’s way, it is nothing to any one of us which it may be; it is Christ we are to care for, and Christ’s truth, and this we are to follow over all the hedges and ditches of men’s making.” Spurgeon was magnanimous enough to see that even though he had to disassociate himself from his own denomination, he would do it if the truth so demanded. Many times we ourselves are found defending our own denomination, warts and all, and do not stop to consider that our own denomination might be in error after all.

还有,司布真不愿意“把维护真理降服在维护宗派的兴旺和合一之下”。真理比合一更重要,因为真正合乎圣经的合一(那得神欢喜的合一)总是围绕在他的真理周围的。合一不是一群人同在一个屋檐下;它是一群人坚持,任信同一个真理。当基督徒相信,顺服同一神的话语时,合一就显明出来了。这是和我们今天相关的功课!Again, Spurgeon was not ready to subordinate the maintenance of truth to denominational prosperity and unity. Truth is more essential than unity, for true biblical unity (that pleases God) is always around His Truth. Unity is not a group of people under one roof; it is a group of people holding fast and confessing the same Truth. Unity becomes visible when Christians believe and obey the same Word of God. A relevant lesson for us today!

司布真高举旌旗的时候,绝大多数的人满足于维持现状。如果他们正巧在浸信会联盟内,尽管他们看到了里面的罪恶,他们是不会退出的。那使大部分的人留在司布真正确离开的联盟内的原因是,他那个时候大多数的浸信会信徒认为他们的教会有一个全国性的机构,这对他们的好处来说至关重要。差传和许多其他的活动是通过联盟的渠道进行的,一家浸信派教会脱离联盟还怎能生存?这个问题是在许多人的脑海里的,但司布真坚信向神忠心(尽管这实际意味着不再如此受人欢迎,也许“成功”的机率低了)比“生存”更重要。As Spurgeon lifted the standard high, the vast majority were content to maintain the status quo. If they happened to be in the Baptist Union, they would not pull out, even though they saw the evil therein. And the factor which retained the multitude in the Union which Spurgeon rightly left was that most Baptists of his day regarded a national organisation of their churches as essential to their well-being. Missions and many other activities were channeled through the Union; how could a Baptist church survive outside the Union? This was the question in the minds of many, but Spurgeon was convinced that faithfulness to God (even though it practically meant less affectivity and perhaps a slower rate of “success”) was more important than “surviving.”

成为一个会带来安全和受人承认的大机构的会员,这并不能保证我们可以维持一种与众不同的基督徒品格。要“做大”,一家机构就不得不预备把那些构成正统基督教信仰的内容减少到最低点,还要采取一种“爱”,使人不愿意去质疑任何宗派在神面前的立场是否纯正。司布真准备好(尽管他是抱着最好的愿望)挺身而出,被数算(全部人里唯一的一个),而不愿意迷失在一大群的不信当中。Being a member in a big organisation which promises safety and recognition is not a guarantee of maintaining a distinctively Christian character. To remain “big,” an organisation has to be ready to reduce what constitutes the content of orthodox Christianity to a minimum, and also adopt a “love” which made men unwilling to question the standing of any denomination in the sight of God. Spurgeon was ready (though he had hoped for the best) to stand up and be counted (all alone) rather than being lost in a morass of unbelief.

司布真他自己给了我们选择,我们这个时代的人认真思想以后可以加以学习。他写道:“对基督徒来说,和不传讲基督的福音的牧师联系在一起,结盟,这就是招致定罪。” Spurgeon himself gives us the options, from which, upon due reflection we may learn in our generation. He wrote: For Christians to be linked in association with ministers who do not preach the gospel of Christ is to incur guilt.

“一个不管它的成员教会是否属于共同信仰的联盟是没有尽到任何圣经所讲的功用。” A Union which can continue irrespective of whether its member churches belong to a common faith is not fulfilling any scriptural function.

“维护宗派的组织机构,而它却无力对异端实行纪律,这样的做法不能以维护‘基督教的合一’为理由而得到认可。” The preservation of a denominational association when it is powerless to discipline heretics cannot be justified on the grounds of the preservation of Christian unity.

“破坏教会合一的是谬误,留在一个纵容谬误的宗派联盟里就是支持分裂。” It is error which breaks the unity of churches, and to remain in a denominational alignment which condones error is to support schism.

当司布真退出浸信会联盟,从方方面面看他都是行了一件分裂的事。但事实上那些留在联盟内的人,不为他们的不信悔改的人,是在分裂上有罪。司布真的其中一篇题为《分开而非分裂》的文章中阐明了今天很多人都没有看到的这一点:“与对基要错误的放任纵容,或者不把‘生命的粮’给正在灭亡的灵魂的做法分开,这不是分裂,而只是真理,良心和神对所有要被神视为忠心的人的要求。” For all appearances Spurgeon committed an act of schism when he pulled out of the Baptist Union. But in reality it was those who remained within the Union, unrepentant of their unbelief, who were guilty. One of Spurgeon’s articles, entitled, “Separation not Schism,” elucidates the point, missed by many today: “Separation from such as connive at fundamental error, or withhold the ‘Bread of Life’ from perishing souls, is not schism, but only what truth, and conscience, and God require of all who would be found faithful.”

“降格争论”也给我们教训,要小心实用注意。慕雷(Iain Murray)解释说,“降格争论”是“表明了许多牧师以更宽容的政策会获得更大的好处为理由,为他们不采取坚定的行动辩护。这是那些同情司布真的关切,但对他的退出表示遗憾的人的态度,他们把这件事情和假如他留在联盟内部可能施加的影响力作对比衡量。”(《被遗忘的司布真》第160页)但司布真驳斥他们在道德上的懒惰,他问道:“你我和以牺牲真理为代价,来维持我们的影响力和地位有何相干?为了得到可能最大的好处而去犯一些小小的错误,这从来就是不对的....你的责任就是做正确的事情:结果是在神的手中”(《被遗忘的司布真》第161页)。这是何等正确....然而我们是多么容易落在这个试探中啊!The Downgrade teaches us to beware of pragmatism too. Iain Murray explains that it showed a readiness on the part of many ministers to justify their lack of firm action on the grounds of the greater good to be gained by a more accommodating policy. This was the attitude of those who sympathised with Spurgeon’s concern, but regretted his withdrawal as they balanced it over against the influence he might have exerted had he stayed in the Union” (The Forgotten Spurgeon, p. 160). But Spurgeon retorted to their moral laziness by asking, “What have you and I to do with maintaining our influence and position at the expense of truth? It is never right to do a little wrong to obtain the greatest possible good....Your duty is to do the right: consequences are with God” (ibid., p.161). How profoundly true....and yet how prone we are to fall into that very temptation!

事后看,衡量这场争议的发展,我们意识到司布真是何等如英雄般勇敢,他是何等接受从上头而来的智慧的引导,而不是被世界的哲学所左右。我们是多么需要留心他的建议:“如果犯一件罪可能使我的用处增长十倍,我没有权利去这样做;如果一件义行可能看上去要摧毁我所有表面上的用处,我仍要这样做。尽管天塌下来,你我要做正确的事,无论后果如何,都要听从基督的命令” (《被遗忘的司布真》第162页)。像司布真一样,我们一定要避免那使神受辱的耶稣会一般的狡辩。Using hindsight and evaluating the course of the Controversy, we realise how heroic Spurgeon was, how he was guided by wisdom from above rather than being dictated to by worldly philosophy. How we need to take heed of his advice: “If an act of sin would increase my usefulness tenfold, I have no right to do it; and if an act of righteousness would appear like to destroy all my apparent usefulness, I am yet to do it. It is yours and mine to do the right though the heavens fall, and follow the command of Christ whatever the consequences may be” (ibid., p.162). Like Spurgeon we are bound to avoid Jesuitical sophistry that dishonours God.?