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2019-03-18


基督的神性The Deity of Christ

作者: 史鮑爾 (R.C. Sproul) 譯者: 姚錦榮
摘自《神學入門》《Essential Truths of the Christian FaithP67 ,更新傳道會出版http://www.crmnj.org/

基督的神性是基督徒必須相信的,這也是新約基督福音最重要的成分,可惜在每個世紀,教會都無可避免地要面對一些自稱為基督徒,卻否定或曲解基督神性的人。

在教會歷史上有四個世紀,對於基督神性的認信在教會內部形成了激烈的爭辯。這四個世紀就是第四、第五、第十九和第二十世紀,我們現在正活在異端充斥的一個世紀,因此保衛教會對基督神性的認信乃是當務之急。

在主後三二五年的尼西亞大會中,教會為了針對亞流異端,而宣稱耶穌是父所生,而非父所造的,耶穌的神性與父神是同質的(homo ousios)。這認信宣布了三位一體的第二位與父神的本質相同。換句話說,基督的實存就是神的實存;基督並只是與神相似,祂就是神。

基督神性的認信,是綜合新約各書卷中的見證而得來的結論。道成肉身的基督,不單在創世之先已經存在,而且祂是永遠存在的。衪太初時即與神同在,而且祂就是神(約11-3)。基督與神同在的這個概念,表明出父神和子神有位格上的區分;而基督是神的概念,則指出基督包括在三位一體的神𥚃面。

新約聖經其他處也將神性獨有的稱號用在耶穌身上。神將主這個重要的神性稱號用在基督身上(腓29-11)。身為人子,耶穌稱自己為安息日的主(可228),並宣稱擁有赦罪的權柄(可21-12)。祂亦被稱為榮耀的主(雅21)。當多馬對衪呼叫「我的主!我的神!」時(約2028),祂亦坦然接受他的敬拜。

保羅宣稱,神本性一切的豐盛,都有形有體地居住在基督𥚃面(西119);又說耶穌高過天使,這也是希伯來書所談及的主題。敬拜天使或其他任何受造物-----無論其地位有多高--------都違背了聖經中禁拜偶像的命令。約翰福音中「我是........ 」的宣稱,也見證了耶穌的神性。

第五世紀的迦克墩大會(主後四五一年)肯定耶穌為真人,亦為真神;並且肯定耶穌的神人二性是不可混合、不可混淆、不可分離、也不可分裂的(without mixtrue, confusion, separation, or division)

總結

1.基督的神性是基督教絕對必要的教義。
2.教會在第四、第五、第十九和第二十世紀,都曾面對基督神性教義的異端。
3.尼西亞大會(主後三二五年)確認基督的神性,宣告基督的本質與父神相同,並且基督不是被造的。
4.新約聖經清楚確認基督的神性。
5.迦克墩大會(主後四五一年)宣告耶穌是真神。

思考經文:
228;約11-14;約858;約2028;腓29-11;西119


The Deity of Christ

Faith in the deity of Christ is necessary to being a Christian. It is an essential part of the New Testament gospel of Christ. Yet in every century the church has been forced to deal with people who claim to be Christians while denying or distorting the deity of Christ.

In church history there have been four centuries in which confession of the deity of Christ has been a crucial and stormy issue inside the church. Those centuries have been the fourth, fifth, nineteenth, and twentieth. Since we are living in one of the centuries where heresy assaults the church, it is urgent that we safeguard the church's confession of Christ's deity.

At the Council of Nicea in A.D. 325, the church, in opposition to the Arian heresy, declared that Jesus is begotten, not made, and that His divine nature is of the same essence (homo ousios) with the Father. This affirmation declared that the Second Person of the Trinity is one in essence with God the Father. That is, the "being" of Christ is the being of God. He is not merely similar to Deity, but He is Deity.

The confession of the deity of Christ is drawn from the manifold witness of the New Testament. As the Logos Incarnate, Christ is revealed as being not only preexistent to creation, but eternal. He is said to be in the beginning with God and also that He is God (John 1:1-3). That He is with God demands a personal distinction within the Godhead. That He is God demands inclusion in the Godhead.

Elsewhere, the New Testament ascribes terms and titles to Jesus that are clearly titles of deity. God bestows the preeminent divine title of Lord upon Him (Philippians 2:9-11). As the Son of Man, Jesus claims to be Lord of the Sabbath (Mark 2:28) and to have authority to forgive sins (Mark 2:1-12). He is called the "Lord of glory" (James 2:1) and willingly receives worship, as when Thomas confesses, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:28).

Paul declares that the fullness of the Godhead dwells in Christ bodily (Colossians 1:19) and that Jesus is higher than angels, a theme reiterated in the book of Hebrews. To worship an angel or any other creature, no matter how exalted, is to violate the biblical prohibition against idolatry. The I ams of John's Gospel also bear witness to the identification of Christ with Deity.

In the fifth century, the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451) affirmed that Jesus was truly man and truly God. Jesus' two natures, human and divine, were said to be without mixture, confusion, separation, or division.

1.         The deity of Christ is a doctrine essential to Christianity.
2.         The church has had crises of heresy regarding Christ's deity in the fourth, fifth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.
3.         The Council of Nicea (A.D. 325) affirmed the deity of Christ, declaring that He is of the same substance or essence as the Father and that He was not a created being.
4.         The New Testament clearly affirms the deity of Christ.
5.         The Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451) declared that Jesus was truly God.

2018-11-20


改革宗信仰基础05:耶稣基督的神性Basics of the Reformed Faith:The Deity of Jesus Christ

作者: Kim Riddlebarger  译者: 王一

与犹太教和伊斯兰教一样,基督教是一神论宗教。但与这些宗教不同的是,基督教是三一神论的宗教。我们相信这独一上帝是三而一的,他启示自己为三个不同的位格:父、子、圣灵。当提到子(耶稣基督)的时候,圣经宣称他是真的永恒上帝,并非受造物,无始无终。

当然,耶稣是基督教的核心人物,没人会说他的坏话。非基督教的宗教常常试图把耶稣也纳入到他们的宗教里。但这并不是那么简单,因为耶稣基督神性的教义使基督教与其他所有宗教产生了区别。如果耶稣是真的永生的上帝,那么基督教的神论就是所有世界宗教里独一无二的。讽刺的是当所有的宗教都尊敬耶稣是一位先知或教师,但他们却都否定新约圣经的重点,那就是耶稣是成了肉身的上帝,并且这是耶稣自己相信并宣告的。

耶稣基督的神性这条教义并不是初代教会自己发明出来的,这一点可以在圣经里明确看到,不论在新约还是旧约里,都教导了耶稣的神性。其中最有力的证据来自于旧约圣经,例如《以赛亚书》7:14里著名的弥赛亚预言,在耶稣降生数百年前写下这样的话:“因此主自己必给你们一个兆头:看哪!必有童女怀孕生子;她要给他起名叫‘以马内利’(即上帝与我们同在)。” 在赛9:6,我们读到“因为有一个婴孩为我们而生,有一个儿子赐给我们;政权必担在他的肩头上;他的名必称为‘奇妙的策士、全能的上帝、永恒的父、和平的君’。” 这也是指耶稣基督。

除了《以赛亚书》里的弥赛亚预言,我们也有许多弥赛亚《诗篇》(例如889110篇),其中父提到子时说他是被高举并且与自己同尊同荣。另外,我们还有《箴言》8:22-31这样的经文,描写人格化的“智慧”,当从新约的角度来看,这是指向永恒的圣子,他是上帝的智慧。另外如《弥迦书》5:2,先知提到那位将降生在伯利恒的君王是永恒的。将要到来的弥赛亚不断被称为全能的上帝,永恒的父,上帝的智慧,公义,被高举,却由一位卑微的童女而生。这些预言都指向一个人:以色列的拯救者,亚伯拉罕的上帝,耶稣基督(参约8:58)。

新约圣经里教导说耶稣是永恒的,是先存的。《约翰福音》1:1这样说,“太初有道,道与上帝同在,道就是上帝。” 约翰和保罗都称耶稣是创造万有、托住万有的那一位。“万物是借着他造的,凡被造的,没有一样不是借着他造的。”(约1:3)另外在《歌罗西书》1:16-17里,保罗提到耶稣这样说,“万有都是靠他造的,无论是天上的、地上的,能看见的、不能看见的,或是有位的、主治的、执政的、掌权的,一概都是借着他造的,又是为他造的。 17 他在万有之先,万有也靠他而立。”

新约圣经确定耶稣是上帝。在《约翰福音》20:28,多马跪倒在耶稣面前,承认耶稣是“我的主,我的上帝!”在《提多书》2:13里,保罗提到耶稣第二次到来是“伟大的上帝,救主耶稣基督荣耀的显现。”(新译本)《希伯来书》的作者提及耶稣,“但是论到儿子,却说:‘上帝啊!你的宝座是永永远远的,你国的权杖,是公平的权杖。’”

此外,圣经把那些只能归给上帝的归给了耶稣。耶稣是敬拜的对象(太28:16-17),他有能力使死人复活(约5:21; 11:25),他是人类最终的审判者(太25:31-32)。耶稣有普世的能力和权柄(太28:18),他也有赦免的权力(可2:5-7)。他不仅称自己为上帝(约14:8-9),他还称自己是阿尔法和俄梅拉,“首先的,也是末后的”,这只有上帝才能自称(启22:13)。

贯穿整本圣经,耶稣向我们启示自己就是那位真实的永恒的上帝,大有能力的第二位格上帝,万物的创造主,是我们必须敬拜和服侍的那一位。其实,我们能表达出来的关于上帝的一切,都可以应用在耶稣身上。


Basics of the Reformed Faith: The Deity of Jesus Christ
By Kim Riddlebarger

Like Jews and Muslims, Christians are monotheists. But unlike Jews and Muslims, Christians are also Trinitarians. We believe that the one God is triune, and is revealed as three distinct persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. When it comes to the Son (Jesus Christ), the Bible everywhere affirms that Jesus is true and eternal God, uncreated, and without beginning or end.

Given Jesus’ central place in Christianity, no one, of course, wants to say anything bad about Jesus. Non-Christian religions often attempt to co-opt Jesus and make him one of their own. But this is not easy to do since the doctrine of the deity of Jesus Christ differentiates Christianity from all other religions. If Jesus is true and eternal God, then the Christian doctrine of God is unique among world religions. The irony is that while virtually all religions honor Jesus as a prophet or teacher, nevertheless they all reject (implicitly or explicitly) the main point the New Testament makes about Jesus–that he is God in human flesh, something Jesus clearly believed and proclaimed about himself.

That the doctrine of the deity of Jesus Christ is not the invention of the early church can be seen by merely scanning the pages of Holy Scripture, with its substantial teaching regarding the deity of Jesus in both testaments. One of the most powerful lines of evidence for the deity of Jesus are those verses in the Old Testament, such as the famous messianic prophecy in Isaiah 7:14 written hundreds of years before Jesus’ birth. “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel.” The messiah will be miraculously conceived, and given the title “God with us.” In Isaiah 9:6, we read “for to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder, and his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace” (Isaiah 9:6). This too refers to Jesus Christ.

In addition to the messianic prophecies in Isaiah, we have a number of messianic Psalms (i.e., 8, 89, 110), in which the Father speaks of the Son as highly exalted and equal in majesty and glory. We also have a passage such as Proverbs 8:22-31, which depicts “wisdom” personified (when seen through the lens of New Testament fulfillment, this is clearly a reference to the eternal Son, who is wisdom from God), and Micah 5:2, where the prophet speaks of the one to be born in Bethlehem (Jesus) as eternal. The coming Messiah is repeatedly identified as the almighty God and eternal father, the wisdom of God, righteous, highly exalted, yet to be born of a lowly virgin. These prophetic verses can only be speaking of one person: Israel’s coming Redeemer, Jesus Christ, who is the God of Abraham (cf. John 8:58).

In the New Testament, Jesus is said to be eternal and preexistent. In John 1:1 we read, “in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” Jesus is described by both John and Paul as the creator and sustainer of all things. “All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made” (John 1:3) and in Colossians 1:16-17, Paul says of Jesus, “by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through him and for him. And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together.”

Jesus is identified as “God” throughout the pages of the New Testament. In John 20:28, Thomas falls before Jesus and confesses of Jesus, “My Lord and my God!” In Titus 2:13, Paul speaks of Jesus’ second coming as “the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.” The author of Hebrews writes of Jesus, “but of the Son he says, `Your throne, O God, is forever and ever, the scepter of uprightness is the scepter of your kingdom’” (Hebrews 1:8).

Then there are those attributes predicated of Jesus which can only apply to God. Jesus is the object of worship (Matthew 28:16-17), he has the power to raise the dead (John 5:21; 11:25), and he is the final judge of humanity (Matthew 25:31-32). Jesus has universal power and authority (Matthew 28:18), as well as the power to forgive sins (Mark 2:5-7). He not only identifies himself as God (John 14:8-9), but calls himself the Alpha and Omega, “the first and the last” – a divine self-designation (Revelation 22:13).

Throughout the Bible Jesus is revealed to us as the true and eternal God, the almighty, the second person of the Godhead, the creator of all things, and that one whom we must worship and serve. In fact, whatever we can say of God, we can say of Jesus.


2017-11-17

 既是神又是人的耶穌基督:人如何可以是神?

摘錄自《新譯本研讀版聖經》p. 1642環球聖經公會(2013

改革宗神學貫徹始終地堅稱,耶穌完全是人又完全是神。按照傳統,這種教義被稱為本質聯合聯(hypostatic union) ,也就是指耶穌的神人二性在祂同一個位格內完全聯合。在這個聯合的狀態下,三位一體(見14<三位一體>一文)中的第二位格,即神子,徹徹底底地成為人(見路3<基督完全的人性>一文),但卻不失去祂任何的神性。

跟隨耶穌的猶太人竟然相信耶穌既是神又是人,這一點真令人感到訝異。耶穌的使徒和大部分的新約作者都是猶太人,他們堅決地相信世上只有一位神,而且沒有人是具神性的。然而,他們全都教導人要敬拜彌賽亞耶穌,並相信祂是神。這個觀念在約翰、保羅和彼得的著作,以及希伯來書中尤其顯著。

約翰揭示耶穌是永恒的聖道,是創造的仲介者和一切生命與光的本源(約11-59),祂成為「肉身」,顯明為神的兒子,是真理和恩典之根源,且事實上,祂更是獨一無二的神(參約11418註)。約翰福音中不時插著耶穌的「我是」宣言;這些宣言特別重要,因為出埃及記第三章14節的希臘文譯本 (《七十士譯本》) 就是用了「我是」(見約8242858註) 來翻譯神的名字。其他的例子包括耶穌賜下恩典的七個宣稱,指出祂是(1)生命的食物,賜下屬靈的食糧(約6354851);(2)世界的光,驅走黑暗(約81295);(3) 羊的門,賜下通向神的途徑(約1079);(4)好牧人,保護羊免遭危險(約101114);(5)復活和生命,克勝我們的死亡(約1125);(6)道路、真理和生命,帶領人與天父相交(146);以及(7)真葡萄樹,叫枝子多結果子(約1515)。來到最高峰,多馬敬拜耶穌並宣告:我的主!我的神! (約2028)。耶穌隨後宣告,那些與多馬有一樣信心的人是有福的;然後,約翰就呼籲讀者加入他們的行列(約202931)。

保羅引用了一段似乎是來自讚美詩的話,宣告耶穌本身的神性(腓2611)。他宣稱,「神本性的一切豐盛,都有形有體地住在基督𥚃面」(西29;參西119)。他歡呼承認耶穌為聖子,是天父的形象,也是天父創造和托住萬有的仲介者(西115-17)。他宣布耶穌是「主」(這個稱謂帶有「神」的含意),而根據約珥書第二章32節有關求告神的勸戒,人就是要求告這位「主」方能得救(羅10913)。保羅稱祂為「萬有之上.........的神」(羅95)以及「神(和)救主」(多213),又直接向祂禱告(林後128-9),視祂為神聖恩典之源(林後1314)。這見證是明顯的:相信耶穌的神性,是保羅神學至為重要的環節。

在解釋基督為完全的大祭司時,希伯來書的作者表明神的兒子具有完全的神性,因此也具有獨特的尊榮(來1:,、68-13),然後又在第二章頌揚祂完全的人性。作者以基督為完全的大祭司;這個「完全」甚至只是「完全」的可能性,必須仗賴以下兩方面的結合:無窮無盡並始終如一的神聖生命與全然受試探、壓力、和痛苦的人性經歷(來214-18414-52713-28122-3)。

彼得所引用的以賽亞書第八章1213節(彼前314)也一樣重要。他引述了希臘文版本(《七十士譯本》)的舊約聖經,呼籲教會不要懼怕別人所懼怕的,反倒要尊基督為聖。但《七十士譯本》的以賽亞書所提及的「尊耶和華(主)為聖」,彼得卻寫成「尊基督為聖,以他為主」(彼前315)。彼得把全能者當得的敬畏歸與拿撒勒人耶穌,他的主人和主神。

迦克墩會議(主後451)是教會在確認本質聯合的教義方面一個重要的時刻。那時,教會要對抗兩種謬誤:(1)涅斯多留派(Nestorian) 的觀念:認為耶和華有二「位格」(神和人)及二性質,仿佛衪是兩個人困在一個軀體內似的;以及(2)毆迪奇派(Eutychian 的觀念:耶穌只有一性質,衪的神性已把祂的人性同化了。會議否定了以上兩種觀念,確認耶穌是擁有二性質(即是說:在經驗、表達、作出反應和行動等方面,有兩組不同的能力)的一位格神人,而且那二性質是在祂位格存有內聯合,並不混和、不混淆、不可分隔或分割,以致每一性質都保存了它本身的屬性。


新約揭示了一大奧秘,就是耶穌既是百分之百的神,又是百分之百的人。神創造我們成為人的一切特征,以及神之所以為神的一切特征,過去、現在和永遠都真實而可區別地存在於耶穌的一位格裡。新約命令人要敬拜耶穌,並一貫地把焦點集中於既是神又是人的救主身上,並視祂為信、望和愛的合宜對象。