2021-03-11


「若我的子民」
“If My People”

作者:Kim Riddlebarger  誠之譯自:
https://www.kimriddlebarger.com/the-riddleblog/if-my-people
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/07/kim-riddlebarger/
 
我們時常會聽到一些基督徒說美國是一個「基督教國家」。這到底是什麼意思呢?有一點很明確,就是這並不是說美國與上帝立了一個國家之約,類似於上帝與舊約時代以色列民所立的約。
It is common to hear Christians claim that America is a “Christian nation.”  What, exactly, does that mean?  One thing it does not mean is that America has a divinely established national covenant with God similar to God’s covenant with Israel.
 
因為我們的主對上帝的保護和拯救的應許是給教會的(太十六18),所以基督徒永遠都會受到這樣的誘惑,就是錯誤地以為我們的主的應許會超越教會的範圍,延伸到他們所居住的國家。對上帝的這種保護,其聖經支持可以從歷代志下七章14節的呼求中找到:「這稱為我名下的子民,若是自卑、禱告,尋求我的面,轉離他們的惡行,我必從天上垂聽,赦免他們的罪,醫治他們的地。
Because our Lord’s promise of divine protection and deliverance is given to the church (Matthew 16:18), the temptation is ever-present for Christians to mistakenly assume that our Lord’s promise extends beyond the church to that nation in which they live.  Support for such divine protection is found by an appeal to 2 Chronicles  7:14 — “If my people who are called by my name humble themselves, and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and heal their land.” 
 
活躍在政治領域裏的美國福音派人士,當他們在一場持續不斷的文化戰爭中陷入到另一場小衝突裏時,「上帝站在我們這一邊」的說法通常會浮出水面,比如在一種摩尼教式的善惡二元鬥爭中,與世俗的進步革新派(secular-progressives)爭奪國家靈魂的時候。在激烈的戰鬥中,許多基督徒會援引上帝對以色列國族所做的盟約應許,錯誤地以為這些應許也適用於美國,因為美國是一個「基督教國家」,因此像古代以色列民一樣,只要符合這個條件,即「若我的子民謙卑」,就可以呼求上帝的保佑並最終取得勝利。
The claim that “God is on our side” usually surfaces when politically active American evangelicals see themselves in another skirmish in the ongoing culture war–contending with secular-progressives for the soul of the nation in a Manichean struggle between good and evil.  In the heat of battle, Christians invoke covenant promises made by God to national Israel, mistakenly assuming these promises apply to the United States because the United States is a “Christian nation,” and therefore like ancient Israel, allowing appeal to God’s promise of protection and eventual victory upon the condition, “if my people humble themselves.”
 
這種將上帝對以色列民所做的盟約應許直接應用在美國(或任何一個地上國度)身上的傾向,是一種流行但錯誤的假設的關鍵指標之一,即以為美國是一個基督教國家,因為它是建立在「聖經原則」上的,因此就擁有某種與上帝的獨特關係,就像以色列民在舊約時那樣。
This tendency to apply the covenant promises God made to national Israel directly to America is one of the key indicators of a popular but erroneous assumption that American is a Christian nation because it was founded on “biblical principles” and therefore possesses some sort of unique relationship to God, just as Israel did under the Old Covenant. 
 
上帝曾在西奈山與祂的選民以色列國民立了約。但是,美國並沒有如同以色列那樣,與上帝立下國家之約。這個事實給那些認為上帝對古代以色列的應許可以直接適用於美國的人帶來了一個嚴重的問題。立約的祝福和咒詛的應許是在特定的聖經背景下(乃是為那即將到來的彌賽亞做準備)賜予以色列的,因此不能適用於當代的政治問題,因為這種立約的祝福和咒詛是在以色列獨特的歷史中發揮作用的。
But America has no national covenant with God, as did Israel under the covenant God made with his chosen people at Mount Sinai.  This fact presents a serious problem for those who assume that promises God made to ancient Israel can apply directly to the United States.  Covenant promises of blessing and curse were given to Israel in a particular biblical context (in preparation for a coming Messiah) and so cannot be applied to contemporary political issues given the role such covenant blessings and curses played in Israel’s unique history.  
 
將這些盟約應許直接應用在現代美國的一個例子出現在全國祈禱日的網站上,我們在網站上看到以下內容:
One such example of applying these covenant promises to modern America appeared on the website for the National Day of Prayer, where we read the following,
 
我們的目標是看到整個美國的社區發生變化。這種改變是在一個個家庭中發生的。我們知道許多生命正在被改變。我們每天都能看到報告和統計數字(請閱讀《禱告得到回應》)。 我們在期待中禱告,知道如果我們尋求祂,離棄我們的行為並悔改,上帝能夠也會帶來改變(歷代志下七14)。
Our goal is to see communities transformed across America.  That happens one family at a time.  We know lives are being changed. We see the reports and statistics everyday (read Answered Prayer).  We pray in expectation knowing that God can and will make a difference if we seek Him, turn from our ways and repent (II Chronicles 7:14).
 
國家禱告日的願景是轉化社區、改變個人。聖經的支持來自歷代志下七章14節。在引用這段經文時,完全沒有考慮到這節經文最初出現的救贖歷史背景,即所羅門聖殿的獻殿(歷代志下六~七章),特別是上帝在前幾節經文中藉著從天上降下的火向以色列眾人顯現之後(歷代志下七1-3),對所羅門的私下啟示(12節,「夜間」)。
The stated desire of the national day of prayer is the transformation of communities and individuals.  Biblical support is taken from 2 Chronicles 7:14.  This passage is cited apart from any consideration whatsoever of the redemptive-historical context in which the verse originally appears–the dedication of Solomon’s temple (2 Chronicles 6-7), specifically God’s private revelation to Solomon after the public manifestation of fire in the previous verses (2 Chronicles 7:1-3).     
 
那些認為自己正處於文化戰爭當中的人,或者那些正在尋求民族復興的人,常常肯定地說,惟願生活在美國的上帝子民,按照上帝在歷代志下七章14節中對以色列人所做的約定應許行事,那麼上帝就會使我們的國家免於一些即將到來的災難——通常是一些討人厭的政治人物的當選,或者一些令人憂心的立法的通過,或者是被認為會破壞猶太-基督教價值觀的高等法院判決,甚至是黨派的政治觀點。如果上帝在所羅門時代向以色列人做出了這個應許,那麼祂今天仍然會向生活在美國的基督徒做出這個應許。不是嗎?
Those who see themselves in the midst of a culture war, or who are seeking a national revival, often affirm that if only God’s people living in America would act upon the covenant promises God made to Israel in 2 Chronicles 7:14, then God would spare our nation from some impending calamity–usually the election of some disagreeable political figure, or the passage of some worrisome piece of legislation, or a high court decision which is perceived to undermine Judeo-Christian values, or even partisan political views.  If God made this promise to Israel during the days of Solomon, then he is still making this promise to Christians who live in America today.  Right? 
 
大錯特錯!對歷代志下七章14節的不當引用,與某些時代論者所作的警告非常相似,他們認為末世的中心是上帝對以色列民族的計劃。聖經中講到立約的祝福和咒詛降臨到以色列敵人身上的經文(即:創十二3),被解釋為除非美國支持現代的以色列國(特別是在給予亞伯拉罕實際後裔的土地應許方面),否則美國就有可能受到上帝的審判。正如一位著名的福音派信徒在國會任職時所說的:
Wrong.  The improper invocation of 2 Chronicles 7:14, closely parallels warnings made by certain dispensationalists, who see the end-times centering around God’s program for national Israel.  Biblical passages which speak of covenant blessings and curses coming upon Israel’s enemies (i.e., Genesis 12:3), are interpreted to mean that unless the United States support the modern nation of Israel (specifically in terms of the land promise given to the physical descendants of Abraham), America risks coming under God’s judgment.  As one prominent evangelical stated while serving in Congress,
 
我在心裏和腦海中堅信,如果美國不與以色列站在一起,美國就會滅亡。……我們必須表明,我們的命運和以色列是密不可分的,作為一個國家,我們曾因為與以色列的關係而蒙受祝福,而如果我們拒絕以色列,就會受到詛咒……我們非常相信創世記的經文[創十二3],我們十分相信,萬國萬民在祝福以色列的同時也會得到祝福。這是一個強烈而美好的原則。
I am convinced in my heart and in my mind that if the United States fails to stand with Israel, that is the end of the United States . . . [W]e have to show that we are inextricably entwined, that as a nation we have been blessed because of our relationship with Israel, and if we reject Israel, then there is a curse that comes into play. . . . We believe very strongly the verse from Genesis [Genesis 12:3], we believe very strongly that nations also receive blessings as they bless Israel. It is a strong and beautiful principle.
 
雖然人們相信,上帝對那些保護以色列的人的應許,主要適用於正在發生的以色列-巴勒斯坦的難題上,但聖經中提到舊的約(old covenant;譯按:即摩西之約)下的以色列(或亞伯拉罕)的經文卻毫不猶豫地被應用到了當代事件上。他們從來不在乎這個事實,即約書亞所告訴我們的關於土地的應許,在征服迦南地期間已經應驗了(書廿四13),也不管在新的約中,給予以色列的土地應許已經被普世化,擴展到了全世界(羅四13)。 鑒於前面提到的以色列在救贖歷史中相當獨特的角色,這種應用應該讓我們感到非常不安。
Although it is believed that God’s promise to those who protect Israel applies primarily to matters of the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conundrum, biblical passages referring to Israel (or to Abraham) under the Old Covenant are applied to contemporary events without the slightest hesitation.  Never mind the fact that Joshua tells us the land promise was fulfilled during the Conquest (Joshua 24:13) or that in the new covenant the land promise given Israel is universalized to extend to the entire earth (Romans 4:13).  In light of Israel’s quite unique role in redemptive history mentioned previously, this kind of application should give us great pause.
 
如果人們所說的「基督教國家」是指美國有某種神學上的憲章或與上帝立的約,如歷代志下七章14節這樣的聖經經文所規定的,那他們就大錯特錯了。歷代志下七章14節適用於所羅門時代的以色列人,當時上帝的榮耀充滿了他剛剛獻給耶和華的聖殿。
If by “Christian nation” one means that America has some sort of theological charter or covenant with God as set forth in a biblical passage such as 2 Chronicles 7:14, they are sadly mistaken.  2 Chronicles 7:14 applied to Israel in the days of Solomon when God’s glory filled the temple he had just dedicated to YHWH.  Passages such as this one are invoked the way they are because of a serious theological misunderstanding–the confusion of redemptive promises made regarding the kingdom of God with God’s providential purposes for the civil kingdom.  Unless we are willing to rip the passage from its redemptive historical context, it cannot be invoked as a promise applying to modern America.  In terms of our national relationship to God, America is every bit as “secular” as is Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, or even Israel, for that matter.  America is not a divinely-ordained theocracy with either national promises or threatened curses as was true of Israel.
 
以這種方式來引用這類經文,是源於一個嚴重的神學誤解,就是把關於上帝國度的救贖應許與上帝對公民國度的護理混為一談了。除非我們願意把這段經文從其救贖的歷史背景中抽離出來,否則就不能把它作為適用於現代美國的應許來引用。就美國與上帝的關係而言,美國與沙特阿拉伯、伊朗、中國,甚至以色列一樣,都是「世俗」的國家。 美國並不是像以色列那樣,是上帝定旨的一個神治國度,有著國家性的應許或威脅的詛咒。
If by “Christian nation” one means that America has some sort of theological charter or covenant with God as set forth in a biblical passage such as 2 Chronicles 7:14, they are sadly mistaken.  2 Chronicles 7:14 applied to Israel in the days of Solomon when God’s glory filled the temple he had just dedicated to YHWH.  Passages such as this one are invoked the way they are because of a serious theological misunderstanding–the confusion of redemptive promises made regarding the kingdom of God with God’s providential purposes for the civil kingdom.  Unless we are willing to rip the passage from its redemptive historical context, it cannot be invoked as a promise applying to modern America.  In terms of our national relationship to God, America is every bit as “secular” as is Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, or even Israel, for that matter.  America is not a divinely-ordained theocracy with either national promises or threatened curses as was true of Israel.
 
現實的情況是,歷代志下七章14節中的應許及其應許的祝福和威脅的咒詛(「若我的子民」)的條件,與民族復興或美國目前的命運是沒有任何關聯的,然而它卻與近3000年前所羅門聖殿的落成卻有著非常密切的關係。
The reality is that the promise found in 2 Chronicles 7:14 and its conditionality of promised blessing and threatened curse (“if my people”) has nothing whatsoever to do with a national revival or the current fortunes of the United States.  It had everything to do with the dedication of Solomon’s temple nearly 3000 years ago.


 
另參:〈美國不是以色列〉一文。
https://yimawusi.net/2021/02/02/scott-clark-2/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/03/none-dare-call-it-confused-usa-is-not.html


「美國不是以色列」:有人敢說這是頭腦不清嗎?
None Dare Call It Confused: USA is Not Israel

作者Scott Clark  誠之譯自
https://heidelblog.net/2010/03/none-dare-call-it-confused-usa-is-not-israel/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/02/02/scott-clark-2/
 
顯然,基督教右派計劃在201051日,即2010年的勞工節開一場大會。按照2010年五一節網站(http://mayday2010.org/)的說法,這場大會是「為一個陷於困境中的國家向上帝呼喊」。他們呼籲「愛神的各宗派基督教領袖要謙卑自己,禱告,尋求神的面,並轉離我們的惡行,無論個人還是國家」。在這方面,他們引用了《詩篇》一〇六篇44-45節:
Apparently the Christian right has planned an event for May 1, 2010—May Day 2010 (HT: Allan Bledsoe). According to the May Day 2010 site this event is “a cry to God for a nation in distress.” They call “Christian leaders of all denominations who love God to humble ourselves, pray, seek the face of God, and turn from our wicked ways—individually and as a nation.” In this context, they quote Psalm 106:44-45,
 
然而,祂聽見他們哀告的時候,就眷顧他們的急難,為他們記念祂的約,照祂豐盛的慈愛後悔。
But he took note of their distress when he heard their cry; for their sake he remembered his covenant and out of his great love he relented.
這個大會是以一個全國盟約的名義召開的。我有點驚訝,也感到失望,他們沒有引用歷代志下七章14節的內容,直到我在教會主日週報的夾頁裏才看到他們引用了:
The event is cast in terms of a national covenant. I was a little surprised and disappointed not to see a quotation from 2 Chron 7:14 until I looked at the bulletin insert (for churches):
 
這稱為我名下的子民,若是自卑、禱告,尋求我的面,轉離他們的惡行,我必從天上垂聽,赦免他們的罪,醫治他們的地。
“If My people who are called by My name will humble them-
selves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked
ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin
 
這裏最大的難題是,雖然上帝在美國有祂的子民……但美國本身並不是「我名下的子民」。從耶穌被釘在十字架上的那一刻起,就再也不可能有另一群「我的子民」了。事實上,在一些重要的方面,早在十字架之前,以色列民就不是「我的子民」了。當耶穌降世的時候,祂就是上帝所立的「我的子民」。耶穌是「上帝的以色列」。自從以色列民之後,上帝就沒有和另一個民族立過約。
The great difficulty here is that while God has people in the USA the USA, as such is not “my people.” From the moment Jesus was nailed to the cross there could never be another “my people.” Indeed, in important ways, long before the cross national Israel was “not my people.” When he came, Jesus was God’s “my people.” Jesus is the Israel of God. There has been no covenant between God and a national people since national Israel.
 
話說回來,我是贊成禱告的。基督徒應該聚集在教會中禱告,改革宗基督徒聚集在教會中禱告是合適的。聖經中命令我們為那些在上有權柄的人禱告(提前二1-2),改革宗教會的做法也是如此。基督徒應該參與公民社會,設法在這個關乎道德、創造性的、自然法的領域中發揮影響力。他們應該呼籲執政掌權者履行維護公義的職責(羅十三),但我們要以順從的態度來呼籲(多三1)。
Now, I’m in favor of prayer. Christians should gather in congregations to pray and it is appropriate for Reformed Christians to gather in congregations to pray. We are commanded in Scripture to pray for those in authority over us (1 Tim 2:1-2) and it is the practice of Reformed congregations to do so. It is appropriate for Christians to be involved in civil society, to seek to bring to bear in that sphere the moral, creational, natural law. They ought to call on the magistrate to fulfill his duty to uphold righteousness (Rom 13) but we do so submissively (Titus 3:1).
 
基督徒擁有雙重公民身份。按照保羅的說法,我們是「天上的國民」(腓三20)。當然,我們在這裏也是公民,在這世上。我們的雙重公民身份意味著我們必須排定好我們各種忠誠的優先順序。我們必須作我們所生活的世俗政體的好公民,但很明顯,合乎聖經的順序是優先考慮我們的身份是天上的公民。我無法想像使徒會支持腓立比基督徒舉行大規模的示威,反對羅馬的獨裁統治。安靜地主張合法的權利,是的。保羅在要求一個公正審判的時候就這樣做了,這是他在羅馬法律下的權利。
We Christians have a dual citizenship. According to Paul, our “citizenship is in heaven” (Phil 3:20). Of course, we are also citizens here, in this world. Our dual citizenship means that we must prioritize our loyalties. We must be good citizens of the earthly polities in which we live but clearly, the biblical priority is upon our heavenly citizenship. I can’t imagine the Apostle countenancing a mass demonstration by Philippian Christians against the Roman dictatorship. The quiet assertion of legal rights, yes. Paul did so when he asked for a trial—which was his right under Roman law.
 
這裏的修飾詞「安靜地」很重要。安靜地生活不是寂靜主義(quietism),什麼都不作。在有人說我是虔誠主義者之前,要小心謹慎一些。上帝的話語這樣說道:
The modifier “quiet” is significant here. To live quietly is not quietism. Before anyone calls me a pietist, be careful. God’s Word says:
......又要立志做安靜人,辦自己的事」 (帖前四11
“…and to aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs” (1 Thess 4:11)
 
「我們靠主耶穌基督吩咐、勸戒這樣的人,要安靜做工,吃自己的飯。」(帖後三12)。
“…and to aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs” (1 Thess 4:11)
 
“Now such persons we command and encourage in the Lord Jesus Christ to do their work quietly and to earn their own living” (2 Thess 3:12)
 
我可以想像有人會反對說:「但保羅在帖撒羅尼迦後書中只希望某一類人安靜」。的確,保羅是針對帖撒羅尼迦人中的一個具體問題,但他並不是只想讓他們安靜地生活。我們已經看到了這一點。所以我再回到提摩太前書二章12節的其餘部分。我們要為那些在我們之上有權柄的人禱告。
I can imagine someone objecting, “But Paul wants only a certain class of people to be quiet in 2 Thess.” True, Paul is addressing a specific problem among the Thessalonians, but it’s not as if he wants them only to live quietly. We’ve seen that already. So I go back to the rest of 1 Tim 2:12. We are to pray for those in authority over us
 
......使我們可以敬虔端正,平安無事的度日」(提前二2
“…that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.” (1 Tim 2:2)
 
換句話說,保羅的盼望是沒有人來管基督徒,讓我們在這世上活出我們的信仰,帶著「真實世界」(什麼,天堂不是「真實」的?希伯來書十一章說是!)的一切後果。沒錯,但我們的眼睛要注目那座城,它的建築師和建造者是上帝(來十一10)。我們的眼睛要專注於「永生上帝的城邑」(來十二22),因為「我們在這裏本沒有長存的城,乃是尋求那將來的城」(來十三14)。
In other words, Paul’s hope is that we Christians will be left alone to live out our faith, in this world, with “real-world” (what, heaven isn’t “real”? Hebrews 11 says it is!) consequences yes, but with our eyes fixed on that city whose architect and builder is God (Heb 11:10). Our eyes are to be focused on the “city of the living God” (Heb 12:22) because “here we have no lasting city, but we seek the city that is to come” (Heb 13:14).
 
是的,要為國家禱告,但要舉行大規模示威?五一節網站上說,這不是給媒體或政客看的?真是這樣嗎?從什麼時候開始,聚集在華盛頓的人,有誰不希望媒體或政客的關注?難怪人們會對教會抱著懷疑態度!在世人看來,這場集會如果不是為了爭奪權力和影響力,那就什麼都不是。如果這真的只是為了禱告,就不必在華盛頓聚集,而是在教會中安靜地聚集。是的,要為國家禱告,但不要把美國人民當成上帝的約民。我們不是。祂在這裏有約民,但祂給以色列國的應許已經應驗了。在出埃及記第二十四章3節,作為上帝的國民,以色列民起誓立約說:「耶和華所吩咐的,我們都必遵行。」 然後,根據聖經的記載,「摩西將血灑在百姓身上,說:『你看,這是立約的血,是耶和華按這一切話與你們立約的憑據』。」
 
Yes, pray for the nation but in mass demonstration? The May Day website says that this is not for the media or the politicians? Really? Since when did anyone gather in DC who did not want the attention of the media or the politicians? No wonder folks are cynical about the church! To the world this will look like nothing if not a grab for power and influence. If this was really and only about prayer there would not gathering in DC but rather there would be quiet gatherings in congregations. Yes, pray for the nation, but not as if Americans are God’s covenant people. We aren’t. He has covenant people here but national promises have been fulfilled. In Exodus 24, as God’s national people, Israel swore a covenant saying, “‘All the words that the LORD has spoken we will do.'” Then, according to Scripture, “Moses took the blood and threw it on the people and said, ‘Behold the blood of the covenant that the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these words.'”
 
你讀過大先知書嗎?你讀過小先知書嗎?你知道以色列的歷史嗎?以色列沒有遵守與耶和華立的約,但耶穌卻遵行了。祂為祂的父從永古以來賜給祂的所有子民遵守了律法的一切吩咐。這個國家需要的不是華盛頓特區的又一次禱告集會,而是在神聖的崇拜服事中真心的禱告,承認教會的罪,呼求教會的主的赦免。這些罪中最主要的是沒有考慮到上帝的聖潔律法是什麼,也沒有從律法中看到我們自己真正的光景。與這些罪相伴的是上帝話語僕人的罪,他們沒有傳講福音,也就是基督已經為祂的子民遵守了榮耀的律法,為他們受死,並且為他們復活了。
Have you read the major prophets? Have you read the minor prophets? Do you know the history of Israel? Israel did not keep her covenant with Yahweh, but Jesus did. He kept all the words of the law for all the people his Father gave to him from all eternity. What this country needs is not another prayer rally in DC but heartfelt prayer in divine services, confessing the sins of the church and calling out to the Lord of the church for forgiveness. Chief among those sins is failing to reckon with God’s holy law for what it is and for failing to see ourselves in light of that law for what we are. Concomitant with those sins is the sin of our ministers of failing to preach the gospel of Christ’s glorious law keeping, death, and resurrection for his people.
 
我們所宣講的救主將要在榮耀中降臨,是的,但現在還不是時候。我們所傳講的救主曾在降卑和苦難中降臨,但現在還不是勝利神學和榮耀神學的時刻,如今還為時尚早。當萬王之王帶著榮耀和權柄降臨的時候,我們就會知道那個時候到了。現在,我們所能提供給罪人的,就只有上帝的公義律法和祂絆腳跌人的石頭,即世人看為愚拙的福音:一位被釘在十字架上的救主,卻在第三天復活了。
The Savior we preach will come in glory, yes, but now is not that time. The Savior we preach came in humiliation and suffering. Now is not a time for a theology of triumph and glory. It’s too soon for that. We’ll know when that time is, when the King of the Nations comes in glory and power. Now all we have to offer to sinners is God’s righteous law and his stumbling-block foolishness, the gospel of a crucified Savior raised on the third day.

 

聖經詞條:以色列(Israel
摘自聖經神學辭典
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/07/israel/
 
名字與人民
 
亞伯拉罕的孫雅各,與神摔跤後,被改名為以色列(創三十二28)。這名字是希伯來文「摔跤」及「神」的結合(因為與神〔el〕與人〔sareta摔跤〕,人會稱你為yisrael)。雅各返回迦南時,神命令他在伯特利安頓;在那處神再向雅各顯現,並重申他的名字不再是雅各,而是以色列。接著藉著神與雅各立約的確認(創三十五9-12),強調神與亞伯拉罕所立的約之特別元素(創十七1-8),來確認這名字。這個名字表達出摔跤,緊緊地抓著神,以及克勝的概念,神確認祂與雅各的約,以色列一名正是這約的表記。這名字表達他的生命及愛正與神緊緊契合。當他的後裔在埃及為奴(出一15,二13),以及其他處境中(如申十五12;撒上四6;賽三十六11;耶三十四914),稱為希伯來人(創三十九1417,四十15,四十一12),但他們最終稱為猶太人(在耶三十二12首次提及;譯註:和合本作「猶大人」)。「希伯來人」和「猶太人」是亞伯拉罕及雅各的後裔在列國的種族名稱;「以色列」卻帶有雅各後裔的屬靈、立約及宗教傳承意味。「以色列」這名字強調希伯來及猶太民族與神的獨特關係。曾有一段時間,這名字不用來指稱所有雅各的後裔,因為在國家分裂後,北方十支派稱為以色列,南方支派則稱為猶大。在被擄後,它再被用作指整個群體。
 
人們常認為舊約是以色列的歷史,是其獨特的宗教及將來盼望的記錄。聖經亦是理解神為以色列的緣故而拯救她的一個來源。這些舊約記錄的層面雖是正確,但更為涵括的信息卻是啟示神怎樣憑自己的主權,揀選及預備使用以色列,作為祂獨特的中保。祂為所有民族、國家揭開祂的國度計劃。
 
神的目的
 
神揀選以色列的目的,可分作五個互相關連的題旨。
 
1. 萬國因亞伯拉罕蒙福   首先,以色列要將彌賽亞帶給以色列及世上列國。神向亞當及夏娃保證,女人的後裔會擊傷撒但的頭,並因而消除由於他們偏離神,以及他們破壞立約所引致的不順服、罪惡及腐敗。挪亞的子孫閃,確立為誕生那後裔的祖先(創九24-27)。然後,亞伯蘭/亞伯拉罕蒙神呼召及告知,萬國會因他而蒙福(創十二3)。透過亞伯拉罕的後裔(創十五5,十七1-8),神才會引進彌賽亞和救贖,以勝過撒但、罪惡及其影響。這後裔譜系收窄至以撒、雅各/以色列、猶大及大衛。同時,所有亞伯拉罕的後裔要成為世人的光(賽九2-7,四十二6,四十九6)。
 
2. 寫作及保存聖經   第二,與各目的之首的第一點不可分割的,乃是以色列要承擔產生、持定及保存舊約和新約的神聖角色。這成文的話乃確實無誤的紀錄,記載神怎樣創造宇宙,以及祂如何救贖和更新這宇宙及其居民。欠缺了這成文的話語,我們就沒有關於神的作為、應許的紀錄。以色列人曾是摩西領導下的子民,這話語的首部分由摩西所寫,其他部分則由以色列的作者、歷史家、詩人、聖賢及先知添上。故此,以色列的神聖使命乃是將那永活的道──耶穌基督(約一1-3),以及神所默示、無謬誤的話語,帶給世上所有國家──包括他們自己。
 
3. 中介角色   第三,藉神的旨意,以色列擔起一群中介子民的獨特角色。神從世界的一個角落呼召亞伯拉罕,將他放置在列國的中心。在那裏,有敘利亞、亞捫、摩押、以東、非利士、推羅、西頓等較小的國家為鄰,並有較遠較大的亞拉伯、埃及、赫、亞述及巴比倫等,而以色列卻成為特殊的珍寶──一個國度、一群祭司子民及聖潔的國家(出十九4-6)。這個多面體角色不單為了以色列的緣故;以色列蒙揀選、加力,在位於中心地區的迦南,在神及列國之間作中保。要做好中保的工作,以色列必須按著神所賜的話語而行,讓列國注意及渴望參與,在祂仁慈的統治下得享福氣、奇妙的生命和榮耀(賽二1-5;彌四1-5)。以色列的原先目的並非用說話作見證,而是去展現立約生命的豐盛福氣。外邦人應受到以色列的吸引,渴望去學習及順服神的啟示。這就是喇合(書二9-13)、路得(得一16-18)和烏利亞(撒下十一611)的故事;他們並非希伯來人或猶太人,卻成為以色列的真正公民──神的立約子民。
 
4. 神國的子民  第四,神呼召、揀選及宣告,要以色列成為國度的子民(出十九6)。摩西強調,他們蒙揀選,非因他們本身的優點;神揀選以色列成為立約的國度子民,是因為祂以恩慈的愛去愛他們(申七7)。然而,以色列卻有以下的責任:他們要在整體生活上,確認及展示神為他們唯一的君王;沒有其他神是他們的主、生命的來源和祝福。以色列人要知道他們是有神統治的神權政體(theocracy);他們被召成為忠心、敬愛、順服、事奉神的子民。
 
按照神的目的,以色列人有責任去向自己、他們的後裔、生活在迦南境內的非以色列鄰舍,以及周圍的列國顯示,作為一群蒙救贖的立約子民,他們應怎樣過一個神權政體的生活。這只能藉忠心地履行三方面的創造和立約使命:屬靈的、社會的及文化的。
 
屬靈使命要求以色列人與神建立愛的團契和崇拜,榮耀這位立約的主。相交及崇拜要在家中(如逾越節,出十二)舉行,但特別在會幕及聖殿的院中進行。所有百姓,不論年紀,被召在一起,聚集去敬拜他們的主。敬拜的方式有所規定。會幕及後來的聖殿(「我是你的神,我與你同在」)象徵性及預表性地表達約中的應許,它們也是敬拜的中心(申十二1-14)。摩西稍後告訴百姓,他們可在由祭司司職的祭壇集會敬拜(申十二15-19)。耶和華列明祭司職任及指定祭牲,使集會如一群敬虔的國度子民般去敬拜。一些祭牲需每日獻上(利六1-8),其他則在節日或特別情況下才獻上;安息日不可工作,是全體集會敬拜的時間。神重複提醒百姓不可敬拜他神,因為祂是忌邪的(申四15-24,十三1-18)。百姓亦不可自以為合適就去敬拜(申十二8);他們要遵守基本原則,順從及履行屬靈的使命,就是十誡的首四誡了。
 
神呼召以色列作為立約群體,向世界展示國度的生活。以色列要順從及履行創造立約的社會性使命。第五至第七誡提供了基本指引。在群體內,家庭生活是基本的:父母要教導、訓練及管教子女(申六4-9;詩七十八1-8);子女要敬奉父母;不可與非立約子民通婚(申七1-6)。然而,假若那些非亞伯拉罕的肉身後裔加入成為以色列群體的成員,他們便可以和以色列人通婚。生殖是神聖的訓令,後裔在神權政體內繼續約中的事奉。性的濫用像姦淫一樣,是受到嚴禁的。
 
作為一個聖潔的國家,以色列要透過聽取及履行創造立約的文化使命,向世界展示神的國度。先決條件是敬拜性的集會,另外就是藉著在婚姻、家庭、宗族及整個立約群體中愛和喜樂的群體生活。神對以色列作為一個聖潔國家的目的,乃是他們在屬靈上、社會上及文化上,要與異教習俗完全分別出來,並奉獻自己給他們至高的主;祂命令以色列:「你們要聖潔,因為我耶和華你們的神是聖潔的」(利十九2)。以色列──聖潔的國家──要成為政治實體。耶和華是他們至高的君王;長老及士師要執行行政及司法職責;祭司特別執長衛生法例。
 
要成為一個聖潔的、政治性的組織,以及遵守律法的國家,以色列奉召在列國中活出分別為聖的生活。神賜他們迦南地作為土地,不是為著他們的發展及享受,而是使以色列能在列國中作中保。每個支派及宗族都獲得產業,他們要除掉所有迦南居民,排除不聖潔的壓力,真正享受神給他們的自由生活。神應許以色列會興盛,但物質的祝福卻是從服侍中獲致。故此,作為好管家,他們可發展及美化自然環境,並改善生產技術,會幕及聖殿乃高度發展的文化、技術的例子。
 
5. 實踐神的旨意  第五,神揀選以色列成為祂立約的僕人,在罪惡世界中實踐神的旨意。他們要藉信心而活,以此展示給列國看。挪亞、亞伯拉罕和眾人憑信而活(來十一)。這信心包括認識耶和華,信靠祂,活出勇敢及盼望的生命。透過順服,以色列會向子孫及鄰舍展示事奉神的面貌。事實上,信心的生活、順服及事奉,可以成就神心目中及向他們啟示的目的。按這方向,以色列是一群彌賽亞子民,在時候滿足時帶進彌賽亞的國度,把從神而來的話語傳予世界,見證神的國所包涵的一切生命活動及關係。
 
以色列的福氣
 
在神國度的原則中,權利和福氣帶有責任。隨著以色列被召及獲賜能力履行神的計劃,神亦賜予他們責任及相關的權利。
 
首先,向列國代表及反映那位宇宙的主宰,本身就是以色列的權利。服侍就是特權!服侍自己及自我膨脹完全與責任和特權相違。作為蒙召的一群,以色列不可自以為是神所揀選、鍾愛及保守的唯一對象;他們基本上要以自己為蒙召去事奉的民。以色列的尊榮乃在於按神的旨意而事奉。
 
第二,以色列與神有獨特的立約關係。神以自己為丈夫(耶三十一33),看以色列為自己的寶貴產業,暗示以色列是祂的新娘(出十九4-6)。這個立約/屬靈的婚姻關係,是一個不會破毀的生命和愛之盟約。祂不會休她,縱然祂會捨棄她一段時間(賽五十1)。以色列在神的愛、美善及信實中,得到安穩的保證。
 
第三,以色列可以親近神。神住在祂的子民中間,先是藉摩西,之後透過祭司,子民可以進到神面前。祂與他們相交,接受他們的祭牲、讚美及祈禱。祂透過祂已寫下來的話語及先知對他們說話。在這親密關係裏,以色列可以認識他們的神:祂至高全能;祂宣佈自己是有憐憫、恩惠、忍耐、滿有愛心、信實、赦免、公義及公平的(出三十四6-7;民十四17-18;詩一○三8-13;拿四2-3)。
 
第四,以色列擁有神為他們所預備的迦南地──此地早已由原居民開發──並享受其上的祝福。迦南地有繁盛的城市、滿載美物的房屋、供應水源的井、多產的葡萄園及豐饒的果園(申六10-12)。這應許地是他們為著事奉而擁有的產業,並不是為了自我滿足及優越感覺。這土地處於列國中心,神國度的彌賽亞光輝會照耀萬國。在這地,以色列履行屬靈、社會及文化性的使命。它乃一處安息、昌盛、安穩及和平之地,藉此,以色列向萬國描繪被救贖更新之宇宙的樣貌。藉著安祥、服侍的生命,以色列向列國人民描繪將來蒙福的盼望;這些萬民可以進來,分享對神的信心、順服及事奉,將榮耀歸給那宇宙的君王。
 
第五,在應許地內外,以色列有向列國宣告神掌權的特權。這信息是一個對現今和將來時代的保證。至高神掌管和指引宇宙、列國及個人的一切事務。摩西歌唱:「耶和華必作王,直到永永遠遠」(出十五18)。詩人也同樣歌唱(詩九十三1-2,九十七1,九十九1-5)。先知也向以色列(賽五十二8)及列國(俄121)宣告。
 
第六,神應許以色列的百姓身分不斷延續。這特權可以引致虛假的安全感,即是無論如何,以色列的國家身分,可以在歷史中長久不變。然而,與這特權不能分割的乃是以色列要藉信心、順服、事奉神和成就祂永存國度的計劃而活。
 
以色列的回應
 
列祖時代  聖經啟示和記錄以色列怎樣回應,怎樣相信、順服及滿足神對雅各後裔的呼召,以及所賜予的特權。有人在各樣方式中忠信、順服及事奉;大多數人卻不信、不順服及不事奉。然而,神在實行祂的國度、立約及中保計劃上,仍然是信實及不變的。祂藉賜福、收回祝福,以及有限度地執行立約的咒詛而工作。以色列作為一個群體,從未被完全消滅,縱然無人理會摩西警告之話(申二十八至二十九)時,她會受到重災。神以饑荒、困苦、軍事失敗、外邦壓迫及最終被擄,使以色列降卑。
 
立約生活及背棄聖約的張力,清楚地在雅各的12個兒子當中出現。十兄弟將約瑟賣為奴,並對他的失蹤撒謊。猶大與一個他以為是妓女的女人性交(創三十八);約瑟則在埃及拒絕性誘惑。縱然約瑟受到屈辱,他仍然忠信,並事奉他立約的主。雅各指出他兒子其他各樣的罪(創四十九451727)。但縱然猶大有過失,他仍被預言為以色列的祖先,要把彌賽亞帶給世界(創四十九8-12)。約瑟蒙豐厚的賜福(創四十九22-26),他確認神信實及主權的保守和引導(創五十19-20)。
 
以色列在埃及繁衍,卻受奴役。自約瑟死後,除了收生婆拯救摩西之外(出一),自覺順服及事奉耶和華的證據稀少。在摩西領導下,以色列從為奴之地得釋放,作為一個立約群體,她自發起誓去順服及事奉耶和華(出十九8,二十四37),但以色列人很快就顯出他們的善變,及對埃及生活的眷戀(出三十二2-8)。神聽取摩西的代求,以色列再次認識神是信實守約的;祂的嫉妒保守了祂的子民(出三十四5-14)。
 
出埃及後  以色列有了會幕、亞倫的祭司職任,以及祭牲和節日的規例。人民有充分機會成為一個相信、順服、敬拜、事奉的群體及神權政體國家。但他們卻埋怨和反叛(民十一1,十二1-2,十四1-4,十六1-3,二十一4-5);十二探子中有兩個信靠及尊敬神(民十三),其餘的探子和整體國家卻不。當摩西及約書亞領導進佔約但時,神藉摩西向子民啟示祂自己;那立約的天地主宰呼召並要求百姓要敬虔,像立約的子民般去愛、順服、敬拜及事奉祂。約書亞乃神任命的一位優秀的軍事領袖。以色列作為一個國家,成功獲取那已開墾、蓋滿建築物及豐饒的應許之地。
 
約書亞死後,百姓重複地破壞與神所立的約。神使他們軍事失敗及經濟陷入困境。神是信實的,祂藉這些困境迫使祂的子民重新認識祂;祂興起領袖,讓百姓重獲自由及昌盛。在整段士師的混亂時期,從俄陀聶至撒母耳,神繼續實行祂的彌賽亞計劃。眾士師、波阿斯、路得及士師兼先知的撒母耳,都成為榜樣。
 
王國時期  神的信實顯在彌賽亞的計劃上,這在大衛及所羅門時代戲劇性地啟示出來。大衛──猶大的後裔,屬亞伯拉罕及閃的族系──被膏立為王。詩人及先知大衛縱然有罪,但仍是一個合神心意的人。他征服及統治神所應許亞伯拉罕的整遍領土(撒下八1-14)。他的統治被描述為「秉公行義」(撒下八15)。那約得到確認,立約子孫及王朝的永久性獲得肯定(撒下七1-28)。兒子所羅門執行大衛對聖殿及敬拜的計劃。所羅門顯出智慧(王上十1-13),那神治君主政體的光彩是無與倫比的(王上十14-29)。詩篇七十二篇表達出彌賽亞國度的榮耀,那在大衛及所羅門時代首先實現,並將在耶穌基督裏得著最圓滿及最終的實現。
 
先知乃耶和華的僕人。摩西是卓越的先知;撒母耳在膏立大衛上,擔任一個關鍵角色(撒上十六13);當拿單對大衛訴說有一後裔會統治全地,並大衛的王位及國度會永存時,他乃宣告一個最重要的預言,這預言只針對中心人物──大衛──及其子孫,而非以色列國。以色列是背景,但核心乃在大衛家的位上,神要更圓滿地彰顯祂的國度。
 
這些高潮,即與大衛立約、軍事武功、公義統治、所羅門的智慧及其國度的宏偉,未能持續下去。神的計劃並沒有縮減,給予大衛家的福氣原先可以擴展,但所羅門在他的後期,以及大部分的大衛後人,並沒有繼續作忠心的立約及國度僕人。大部分的神權政體支派分裂出來,並取名「以色列」。猶大、西緬及便雅憫支派構成神繼續實行祂計劃之環境。以色列於主前722年被擄,國運到了低點(王下十七21-23)。那時一小群餘民從猶大逃往埃及(耶四十一16-18,四十四26)。
 
先知繼續宣佈神警告及應許的話,其中特別重複提醒猶大,神的國度及立約會持續;作中保之彌賽亞應許在被擄前(以賽亞書及彌迦書),及被擄時(以西結書及但以理書)再獲重申。雅各的後裔,即以色列的立約群體,不論是在本國或被擄之地,會延續下去;有關藉大衛家所代表的後裔,以及所有關乎國度的應許,會按時候實現。故此,以色列國並非是中心焦點;神透過以色列去實現的計劃才是目的。以色列民族將引進彌賽亞。
 
新約時期  被擄之後,雅各的後裔──往往稱為猶太人,而非以色列人──組成一個社會及宗教群體。由於律法主義及祭司活動,以及各種未能成功建立主權國家的狂熱運動,削弱了他們蒙召出來敬拜神的努力。故此,以色列不再成國,只能作為一個社會及宗教群體。在那環境中,以色列的呼召及存在之最終目的,乃在耶穌裏得到完全實現,正如神所定意的。在耶穌升天後40年(與以色列在曠野飄流的時間相同),以色列社群、聖殿及獻祭系統消失。神與亞當及夏娃所立,關乎女人那得勝及統治的後裔,並向亞伯拉罕、猶大及大衛所重申的應許,卻得到完全成就。以色列縱然不信、不順服及反叛,她卻成就了神呼召她及要她承擔的目的。
 
關乎以色列的當代問題
 
以色列的宗教起源  以色列與聖經的關係是明確的。舊約及新約均由屬以色列血統的人寫成。整本聖經是神藉以色列人給予世界的禮物,不管我們稱之為希伯來(舊約)或猶太人(新約)聖經。事實上,整本聖經乃神透過那信仰、順服及事奉的立約群體所賜下。五經以及歷史書、詩歌書、智慧書和先知書的作者乃立約的僕人;新約的福音書、歷史書信及啟示文學作者亦然。然而,分別乃圍繞整本聖經的性質:它是否以色列國的起源及發展之記載?換言之,聖經只是一本人間書籍,抑或是神默示之書──蘊含神聖創造、人類墮落、神救贖及更新計劃,以及祂向以色列並初步藉以色列去實現之永存國度的信息?聖經的記述是清楚及明確的:以色列是神藉以將聖經賜給世界的媒介。
 
聖經關於以色列起源的記述是清晰的。近東考古學學者,以及歷史評鑑學者有異議。他們不大接受如此的看法:以色列乃一個約有二百萬人口的社群,在埃及為奴。他們只接受:某群閃族人在埃及生活並為奴。戲劇性的出埃及事件之方式及時間,同樣在歷史上和考古證據上無法令人接受。同樣地,西乃經歷、在曠野飄流40年,以及迦南的軍事行動,受到極大質疑。他們提出不同的可能性,例如一小群在埃及為奴的人逃脫出來,與其他族群接上,漸進地滲透迦南,並汲取了它很多的生活方式。以色列發展成為國家,被視為由不同來源的支派結盟而逐漸形成。考古學家及歷史評鑑家所提出的證據,卻不被很多學者接受,特別是保守的福音派學者。後者已證明考古學及科學的歷史研究,並沒有牴觸聖經的記載,反而將它照亮。
 
關於以色列第三個爭論問題,乃與剛提及的兩個有緊密的關連:以色列宗教的起源及本質,特別是以色列的信仰、敬拜模式及習俗問題。聖經明言以色列的信仰乃由神所啟示,敬拜活動是由祂導引。藉著研究以色列社會結構及心理的學者提供的幫助,研究以色列鄰國及其宗教的學者已嘗試去證明,很多以色列的宗教習俗乃採自周圍民族的文化。以色列並非與鄰邦隔離而生活;它有各樣在表面上相似的宗教習俗,如輕便的神龕、獻祭系統及如祭壇的宗教物品。然而,以色列宗教的起源及習俗是獨特的:神直接向亞伯拉罕啟示祂自己,正如祂向亞當及挪亞所作的。祂特別向他們啟示自己為一位立約者,並立約關係的所有細節及意義,這些都由神所委任的中保人物詳細說明。以色列的信仰及宗教生活源自啟示,而非借自外邦或源自宗教覺悟。然而,必須附帶一提,以色列並非經常忠於至高立約的主。她滿有躊躇,留下很多不順服的證據,例如跟隨鄰邦可憎的拜偶像習俗。
 
以色列與土地  也有很多討論圍繞以色列與土地之關係。神應許亞伯拉罕及他的子孫,有一塊土地賜給他們為業,這是不容置疑的。但這地是否永恆的產業?神的應許是否無條件的呢?很多福音派基督徒相信它是。他們基於對論到巴勒斯坦之約的申命記二十八章作出這樣的解釋。其他同樣嚴謹的福音派學者,指出五個重要的斟酌因素。首先,摩西強調,順服乃承繼那地及維持福氣的基本要求(申四25-31,二十八15-68)。第二,譯作「永遠」的詞彙,可以解作「一段長久的日子」。這詞彙不能指永不結束,因為在末日主再來時,將會引進新天地的秩序。第三,神在大衛及所羅門時代,已成就了祂關乎土地及其範圍的應許(撒下八1-4;代上十八1-13;王上四20-21;詩七十二8)。第四,有關被擄歸回的先知應許,在餘民返回時已應驗了(拉二)。第五,新約並未將以色列視為一個永久擁有那地的國家;反而,亞伯拉罕的立約子孫所承繼的乃是這世界(羅四13)。
 
另一個問題關乎如何解釋有關以色列的預言。這問題與以色列、土地、教會及千禧年(啟二十)有緊密的關係。我們須緊記,眾先知預言以色列的將來。然而,他們並非都是指向作為有組織之政治實體的以色列。餘民的概念乃最重要,特別是以色列作為一個信仰的立約群體。此外,當先知論及他們的當代人時,他們是以那時的人所能瞭解的說話來表達。故此,當先知論及耶和華立約的子民奇妙的將來時,他們是以簡單的都市、牧畜、農業及大自然的詞彙來說話(賽三十五)。嚴格的字面解釋,往往視以色列為政治性的國家實體,並受這些前設支配,我們當盡量避免。
 
以色列與新約教會  另一個問題乃是以色列與新約教會的關係。有些人(誠之按:指時代論者)過於以字面解釋有關以色列的舊約預言,並認為「以色列」三個字在新約作品裏皆指政治性的國家實體,而非信仰的立約群體。這種做法的結果是:以色列民族與非猶太人的新約立約群體──教會,被嚴格區分;他們相信神心目中有兩組不同的子民,對每組也有不同的計劃。很多聖經學者對這種區分存異議。我們當謹記上一段的要點。再者,耶穌講論時從不把以色列看為一個政治獨立而宗教虔誠的國家;祂的主題是神包羅萬有的國度。雖然保羅說他的族人為「以色列人」(羅九3-5),但他亦說所有在耶穌基督裏的真信徒為亞伯拉罕的子孫,並按照給亞伯拉罕後裔的應許成為後嗣(加三28)。他亦將所有相信耶穌基督的信徒,不論是外邦人還是猶太人,均寫為「以色列民」(加六16)。故此一般相信當保羅論及他本族的信徒──不是很多猶太人接受耶穌為所應許的彌賽亞──以及很多相信的外邦人時,這個包括所有信徒的群體,不論猶太人或外邦人,組成了「以色列全家」,即那合一的身體,信徒的立約群體(羅十一25-32)。
 
縱然還有其他問題,但最後要提的,乃是以色列作為千年國度的存在問題。這問題不能在這短文詳述。筆者要指出,在約翰筆下,以色列並非一個有千年國祚的宗教國家實體。耶穌亦沒有說祂會回來統治一個猶太國家。此外,不同時代的學者已指出,以色列國──先是神權政體,後在大衛王朝統治下成君主政體──是耶穌不斷洗淨,並會將之獻給父的那個永恆國度的預表(林前十五24-28)。
 
Gerard Van Groningen
 
參考書目:
 
F. F. Bruce, Israel and the Nation; L. A. De-Caro, Israel Today: Fulfillment of Prophecy; A. Gileadi, ed., Israel’s Apostasy and Restoration; W. Hendrikson, Israel in Prophecy; A. W. Kac, The Rebirth of the State of Israel; M. Karlberg, JETS 31/3 (1988): 257-69; G. E. Ladd, The Last Things; H. K. LaRondelle, The Israel of God in Prophecy; J.B. Payne, Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy; P. Richardson, Israel in the Apostolic Church; J. F. Walvoord, Israel in Prophecy; M. J. Wyngaarden, The Future of the Kingdom.

 

 

教會和以色列
THE CHURCH AND ISRAEL

作者: Michael Horton    唐興譯/誠之編校
本文首刊於「當代宗教改革」(Modern Reformation)雜誌總第33月號(May/June 1994
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/06/michael-horton/
https://wscal.edu/resource-center/the-church-and-israel
 
預言家林西(Hal Lindsey)宣稱:「全部先知預言的中心就是以色列國。」1948514日,以色列再次獨立建國,林西寫到:「基於這個理由,我確信我們現在正處於希伯來先知所清楚和準確預言的一個特殊時代。因此,所有的先知預言,都要在這一代當中實現。」
The center of the entire prophetic forecast is the State of Israel," declares prophetic pontiff, Hal Lindsey. On May 14, 1948, Israel became a nation again and, writes Lindsey, "For this reason I am convinced that we are now in the unique time so clearly and precisely forecast by the Hebrew prophets. Thus, all the various prophecies will come to pass during this generation."
 
時代主義論者(Dispensationalists)認為,1948年以色列的復國,已經應驗了以西結書和但以理書所預言的,以色列未來的復興。這該怎麼說呢?難道這就是先知們心中所想的嗎?我們必須進一步追問:上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許是在猶太復國主義運動(Zionist movement)中應驗的,還是在耶穌基督的福音中應驗的?但是,我們首先要思考的是:1948年。
The Dispensationalists have maintained that the prophecies of Ezekiel and Daniel regarding a future restoration of Israel are fulfilled in the recreation of that state in 1948. What about this? Is that what the prophets had in mind? A further question must then be asked: Are the promises God made to Abraham fulfilled in the Zionist movement or in the Gospel of Jesus Christ? But first things first: 1948.
以西結的預言說到:「我要使雅各被擄的人歸回,要憐憫以色列全家,又為我的聖名發熱心。」(結卅九25)以西結預言之後55年,即主前530年,但以理也同樣地發出預言指出,現在被毀滅的以色列國在未來要得到恢復。在但以理事奉的時期,以色列國被瓦解,並且被擄到巴比倫。這兩位先知都在這樣悲慘的局勢中,向以色列百姓提供了盼望。100年之後,當尼希米和以斯拉被允許歸回重建耶路撒冷時,就應驗了這兩位先知所說的預言。城牆得重建,上帝的子民歸回,而他們雖然只是帝國的附庸國,但是巴比倫王傾其一切財寶來幫助耶路撒冷城的重建。這些都與預言完全吻合:上帝要將祂的百姓從被擄中帶回耶路撒冷。新的聖殿甚至是在波斯王的協助下才建造完成的。
Ezekiel prophesies, "I will now bring Jacob back from captivity and will have compassion on all the people of Israel, and I will be zealous for my holy name" (39:25). Daniel's prophecies are delivered in 530 BC, just fifty-five years after Ezekiel's and also point to a future restoration of a now destroyed nation of Israel. During Ezekiel's ministry, the nation is dismantled and carried off into Babylonian captivity and both prophets are offering the people hope in the midst of tragedy. One hundred years later, the promises made through these two prophets are fulfilled as Nehemiah and Ezra are allowed to return to rebuild Jerusalem with released exiles. The walls are rebuilt, God's people return, and although they are an imperial satellite, Babylon's rulers empty their own treasuries to assist in the rebuilding. This is all in line with the prediction that God will bring His people out of exile back to Jerusalem is finally fulfilled. A new temple is even built with the assistance of the Persian king.
 
這一切都在先知預言的一個世紀內得到了應驗:聖殿的重建,獻祭的更新,城市的重建,被擄的人重回家園。 1948年的復國,也不過如此。
All of this was fulfilled within a century of the prophecy. The temple was rebuilt, sacrifices were renewed, the city was rebuilt, and the exiles came home. So much for 1948.
 
當然,有些預言,例如但以理所做的預言,必須在尼希米帶領下的歸回重建之後才能得到應驗。其中一個例子就是四個國度的異象——巴比倫和瑪代·波斯帝國(兩個帝國在但以理有生之年就存在了),以及希臘(主前2世紀)和羅馬帝國(主前1世紀到主後1世紀)。所有這些世上的帝國都將衰頹;前面兩個是但以理親身經歷到的,後面兩個則是在主後1世紀才應驗的。這些地上帝國的壽命,都無法超越那一位將要來的君王的國度;祂將要把祂分散在各處的百姓(猶太人和外邦人)帶回家中:「我必立一牧人照管他們,牧養他們,就是我的僕人大衛。祂必牧養他們,作他們的牧人」(結卅四23)。在約翰福音第十章,當耶穌宣告祂自己為好牧人時,正應驗了這個預言。因此,以西結書中的預言,不是關於1948年的猶太復國主義運動(Jewish Zionism),而是關於主前440年的歸回重建,而且最終是關於作為大衛子孫的耶穌基督。
Of course, there are predictions made, by Daniel, for instance, which require fulfillment beyond the return under Nehemiah. One example is the vision of the four kingdoms--Babylon and Medo-Persia (two empires which existed during Daniel's own lifetime), and Greece (second century, BC) and Rome (first century, BC through first century AD). All of these world empires will collapse, two of which Daniel knew first-hand, while the latter two were fulfilled as late as the first century AD. These earthly empires would never outlast the empire of the coming One who will finally bring all of His scattered tribe (Jew and Gentile alike) home: "I will place over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will tend them; he will tend them and be their shepherd" (Ez 34:23). It was just this prophecy which Jesus proclaimed Himself to be fulfilling in His self-designation as the Good Shepherd in John chapter ten. Thus, Ezekiel is not about Jewish Zionism in 1948, but about the return of the exiles in 440 BC and ultimately about Jesus Christ as the Son of David.
 
那麼,聖殿被毀又怎麼說呢?新約聖經中不是預言聖殿和聖城最後要被拆毀嗎?確有此事。 「耶穌出了聖殿,正走的時候,門徒進前來,把殿宇指給他們看。耶穌對他們說:『你們不是看見這殿宇嗎?我實在告訴你們:將來在這裏,沒有一塊石頭留在石頭上不被拆毀了』」(太廿四1-2)。這段經文常被認為是指在我們時代中的應驗。然而,當門徒問到這個應驗的預兆時,耶穌說:「那時,人要把你們陷在患難裏,也要殺害你們。」這聽起來不就是耶穌正在預備他們,去面對一個即將來臨的應驗嗎?事實上,這個預言在主後70年,聖城被羅馬帝國破壞、猶太人和基督徒被殺害分散、聖殿被拆毀沒有留下一塊石頭時,就已經應驗了。羅馬皇帝宣稱他自己為神,坐在至聖所,這乃是應驗了但以理書中所預言的:「那行毀壞可憎的」(abomination of desolation)。多年以來,時代主義論者教導這事發生於大災難時期,這樣的解釋很難被接受。只要看一看主所說的:「你們看見先知但以理所說的『那行毀壞可憎的』站在聖地(讀這經的人須要會意)。那時,在猶太的,應當逃到山上…… 」。難道當初的聽眾不明白,耶穌是要預備他們,面對即將要發生的事嗎? 「當你們看見……站在聖地……。」
What about the destruction of the temple? Was it not predicted in the New Testament that there would be a final destruction of the temple and the city? Indeed, it was. "Jesus left the temple and was walking away when His disciples came up to Him to call His attention to its buildings. 'Do you see all these things?' He asked. 'I tell you the truth, not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down.'" This is often taken to refer to a fulfillment in our own lifetime, and yet, when the disciples wanted to know what the signs of this would be, He said, "You will be handed over to be persecuted and put to death." Doesn't it sound like Jesus was preparing them for an immediate fulfillment? The fact is, this was fulfilled in AD 70, when the city was destroyed by the Romans, Jews and Christians were slaughtered and scattered, and the temple was destroyed to the extent that "not one stone" was "left on another." The Roman emperor, proclaiming himself God, sat in the Holy of Holies, fulfilling the "abomination of desolation" predicted in Daniel. And if, after years of Dispensational teaching on the "abomination of desolation," taking place during the tribulation, it is difficult to accept this interpretation, just look at our Lord's own remark: "So when you see standing in the holy place 'the abomination that causes desolation,' spoken through the prophet Daniel--let the reader understand--then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains." Would the original audience not have clearly understood Jesus to be preparing them for events which were right around the corner? "So when you see standing in the holy place..."
 
因此,但以理和以西結的預言,不一定要在1948年,或任何其他與當前重大事件相吻合的時期才能應驗。
Therefore, the prophecies of Daniel and Ezekiel do not have to find their fulfillment in 1948 or in any other period which coincides with remarkable current events.
 
然而,第二個問題是我們更關注的核心問題:現代的以色列國和猶太復國主義運動,是否是上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許的應驗?傳統時代主義論認為,救恩計劃有一種「徹底的中斷」(radical discontinuity),儘管最近的修正已經淡化了這種看法。傳統時代主義論認為,上帝最終的計劃牽涉到以色列國;相對於上帝拯救以色列民族國家的主要使命,教會只是一個「括號」(薛福Chafer所提倡的觀念),有點像是一個腳註或旁枝(編按:只是一個插曲)。
The second question, however, is of more central concern: Is the modern state of Israel and Zionism in general the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham? Classical Dispensationalism presents to programs of salvation, though recent revisions have toned down on the radical discontinuity. In classical Dispensationalism, God's ultimate program involves the nation Israel. The Church is a "parenthesis" (Chafer), a sort of footnote or sidetrack in contrast to God's main mission to save ethnic, national Israel.
 
我們認為,這種觀念嚴重地誤解了上帝的計劃,以及聖經中清楚的教導。這樣做,等於是冒險給予現代猶太人一個虛假的盼望,提出一個不需要世界唯一救主作為中保的救恩計劃(至少在現世的事物上是如此)。如果你認為這是對此立場的一種諷刺,只要去參加每年在華盛頓首府地區所舉辦的,為以色列禱告的全國早餐禱告會(National Prayer Breakfast in Honor of Israel),就立見分曉。有一年我參加了,我還記得許多基要派的傳道人和發先知預言的「專家」,領導群聚一堂的猶太基督徒這樣地禱告說:「我們共同的天父——亞伯拉罕、以撒、雅各的神……」。如果現在有另一群基督徒在同一條街上,舉行基督徒和穆斯林教或基督徒和印度教的禱告會,這樣的禱告,基本上等於否認了基督的獨特性,以及祂的中保工作。但是,對這些人而言,猶太人很明顯地不需要福音,因為他們根本連福音都沒有提到。沒有一個禱告在結束時提到基督的名。
We believe that this position gravely misunderstands the plan of God and the clear teaching of the Scriptures. In so doing, it risks offering false hopes to modern Jews of a plan of redemption which, at least in temporal matters, does not require the mediation of the world's only Savior. If you think this is a caricature of the position, just attend the annual National Prayer Breakfast in Honor of Israel in Washington, DC. I did that one year and I remember fundamentalist preachers and prophecy "experts" leading the Jewish-Christian gathering in prayer "to our common Father--the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." Now, if another group of Christians down the street had a prayer service of Christians and Moslems or Christians and Hindus, it would be considered a basic denial of the uniqueness of Christ and His mediatorial work, but for these people, Jews evidently did not need the Gospel, for there was no reference to it even in passing. Not one prayer ended with the name of Christ.
 
使徒保羅會把這種教導稱為是加拉太教會的異端。 「正如『亞伯拉罕信上帝,這就算為他的義』。所以,你們要知道:那以信為本的人,就是亞伯拉罕的子孫。並且聖經既然預先看明,上帝要叫外邦人因信稱義,就早已傳福音給亞伯拉罕,說:『萬國都必因你得福。」可見那以信為本的人和有信心的亞伯拉罕一同得福。凡以行律法為本的,都是被咒詛的;因為經上記著:『凡不常照律法書上所記一切之事去行的,就被咒詛』」(加三6-10)。所以,沒有兩種不同的救恩計劃。猶太人和外邦人一樣,都是「被咒詛的」,唯有藉著信心,才能接近上帝、得著祂在基督裏的應許。認為上帝不是藉著基督,來實現祂對以色列民族的應許,這種觀念肯定是近乎異端了。
The Apostle Paul would call this the Galatian heresy. "Understand that those who believe are children of Abraham. The Scripture predicted that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: 'All nations will be blessed through you.' So those who have faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith. All who rely on observing the law are under a curse" (Gal 3:6-10). Thus, there are not two programs. Jews and Gentiles alike are "under a curse" and can only approach God and receive His promises by faith in Jesus Christ. To suggest that God is fulfilling promises to national Israel apart from Christ surely borders on heresy.
 
但是,上帝並非在履行對以色列國族(national Israel)的應許。發生於主後70年「那行毀壞可憎的」,實際上確實使聖殿荒涼了。儘管我們與世界上受逼迫的猶太人在他們的家園一同歡欣鼓舞,但1948年並不具有任何先知預言上的意義。
But God is not fulfilling promises to national Israel. The abomination that makes desolate in AD 70 did, in fact, make the temple desolate. While we rejoice with the persecuted Jews of the world in their homeland, there is no prophetic significance to the year 1948.
 
如果我們仔細查看上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許(創十二2-3),以及貫穿舊約聖經的許多警告,都提到得著應許之地的條件,在於以色列人的順服。然而,得著那最終應許之地的條件,則單單在於信心(by faith alone)。所以,舊約聖經裏的先祖們,並不像現代的時代主義論者,對這塊土地有這麼大的興趣。 「他(亞伯拉罕)因著信,就在所應許之地作客,好像在異地居住帳棚,與那同蒙一個應許的以撒、雅各一樣。因為他等候那座有根基的城,就是上帝所經營所建造的。因著信,連撒拉自己,雖然過了生育的歲數,還能懷孕,因她以為那應許她的是可信的。所以從一個仿佛已死的人就生出子孫,如同天上的星那樣眾多,海邊的沙那樣無數。這些人都是存著信心死的,並沒有得著所應許的」(來十一8-13)。什麼?他們並沒有得著所應許的?他們不就在那塊土地上,不是嗎?但是,聖經告訴我們,那不是最終極的應許。 「他們……承認自己在世上是客旅,是寄居的[甚至寄居在應許之地]。說這樣話的人是表明自己要找一個家鄉。他們若想念所離開的家鄉,還有可以回去的機會。他們卻羡慕一個更美的家鄉,就是在天上的。」(來十一14-16)。
If we look very carefully at the promises made to Abraham (Gn 12:2-3), and the many warnings which follow throughout the Old Testament, the promise of the land is conditional upon Israel's obedience. The promise of a final Promised Land and resting place, however, is by faith alone. Thus, the Old Testament patriarchs were not as interested in a plot of land as modern Dispensationalists. "By faith, Abraham made his home in the promised land like a stranger in a foreign country, for he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God. And so from this one man, and he as good as dead, came descendants as numerous as the stars of the sky. All these people were still living by faith when they died. They did not receive the things promised" (Heb 11:8-13). What? They didn't receive the things promised? They were in the land, weren't they? But the Bible says that this was not the ultimate promise. "They admitted they were strangers on earth [even in the promised land]. People who say such things who that they are looking for a country of their own." But they had a country of their own! "If they had been thinking of the country they had left, they would have had opportunity to return. Instead, they were looking for a better country--a heavenly one" (Heb 11:14-16).
 
所以,你們明白,上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許是在基督裏應驗的,並且傳給了所有因信而屬於基督的人。不管是猶太人還是外邦人,所有想要倚靠行為得著應許的人,都還在咒詛之下,並且,離開了彌賽亞,就沒有任何其他的應許,只有審判。
So, you see, the promises made to Abraham are fulfilled in Christ and passed along to all those who belong to Christ by faith. Whether Jew or Gentile, all who are relying on the works of the law are still under a curse and apart from the Messiah there is no promise of anything but judgment.
 
使徒保羅引用自己身為猶太人卻回轉歸向基督的經歷,這樣寫道:「我且說,上帝棄絕了祂的百姓嗎?斷乎沒有!」「如今也是這樣[並非未來的某一段時間],照著上帝揀選的恩典,還有所留的餘數。」(羅十一15)在現今的世代(今世),上帝把外邦人的枝子,接在以色列的枝子中,形成了一個單一的家族,其中「並不分猶太人、希臘人、自主的、為奴的,或男或女,因為你們在耶穌基督裏,都成為一了」(加三28)。
"I ask then: Did God reject His people? By no means!," writes the Apostle Paul, citing his own conversion to Christ as a Jew. "So too, at this present time (not some future time) there is a remnant chosen by grace" (Rom 11:1,5). In this present age, God is grafting in with Israel branches from alien, Gentile trees and forming one single family in which "there is neither Jew nor Gentile....For all are one in Christ" (Gal 3:28).

 

預表法在彌賽亞先知預言中的用途和濫用
The Use and Abuse of Typology in Messianic Prophecy

作者Eric Chabot  誠之譯自
https://chab123.wordpress.com/2017/01/09/the-use-and-abuse-of-typology-in-messianic-prophecy-2/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/04/eric-chabot/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/04/eric-chabot/
 
萊特Christopher Wright在他的書Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament暫譯《透過舊約認識耶穌》中描述了預表法typology的重要性以及它如何被用在先知的話裏。他說到:
In his book, Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament (Knowing God Through the Old Testament Set), Christopher Wright describes the importance of typology and how it is used in relation to prophecy. He says:
 
「預表法」這個詞有時候會被用來描寫我們如何看待舊約和耶穌之間的關係。舊約讓我們認識耶穌的畫像(images)、模式(patterns)和模型(models)都被稱為「預表」(types),而新約聖經中與預表相當的或平行對應的,就被稱為「對範」(antitypes;可意譯為對應於預表的實體)。(《透過舊約認識耶穌》,IVP2014第二版,p.117
The word typology is sometimes used to describe this way of viewing the relationship between the Old Testament and Jesus. The images, patterns and models that the Old Testament provides for understanding him are called types. The New Testament equivalents or parallels are then called antitypes. – Wright, Christopher J. H,  Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament (Knowing God Through the Old Testament Set)  InterVarsity Press.
 
預表法有幾個特色,其中包括:
Some of the features of typology are the following:
 
1. 眾先知並不只是在作一些孤立的預言,而是提供一些在人類歷史上會重覆出現或重覆應驗的主題或模式。
The prophets did not so much make singular predictions but gave themes or patterns and that these themes have several manifestations or fulfillments in the course of human history.
 
2. 預表和對範(實體)有一種天然的對應性和相似性。最早出現的被稱為預表(如:人物、物件,事件),後來的應驗被稱為對範。
The type and the antitype have a natural correspondence or resemblance. The initial one is called the type (e.g., person, thing, event) and the fulfillment is designated the antitype..
 
3. 預表是歷史上實際發生的(例如:保羅宣告亞當是「那將要來之人的預像(即預表),也就是彌賽亞的預表。」
The type has historical reality (e.g., Paul declares that Adam “is a figure (a type) of him that was to come”, i.e., the Messiah).
 
4. 預表是對範的預兆(prefiguring)或預示(foreshadowing)。預表具有預測或先知預言的性質;它會展望歷史,並指向對範。
The type is a prefiguring or foreshadowing of the antitype. It is predictive/prophetic; it looks ahead and points to the antitype.
 
讓我用三個標題來舉幾個具有預表性質的先知預言(譯按:標題的數目字是筆者自己加上的):
Let me give some examples of typological prophecies which fall under three headings:
 
一、一些制度
Institutions

 
1. 例如,逾越節毫無瑕疵的羊羔(出十二5),被宰殺時一根骨頭也不可折斷(十二46)。在這個例子裏,猶太聖經的逾越節羔羊就是一個預表,而其對範是彌賽亞(參見林前五7),祂是無瑕疵、無玷污的;祂被宰殺了,而骨頭卻一根也沒有折斷(約十九3337)。
1.The Passover, for instance, with its spotless lamb (Exodus 12:5) which was slain without any bones being broken (12:46).  In this case, the Passover Lamb in the Jewish Scriptures is the type while the antitype is the Messiah (cf. 1 Corinthians 5:7), who was without spot or blemish (1 Peter 1:19) and who was slain  and also had none of his bones broken (John 19:33ff).
 
2. 初熟節(利未記廿三10),即七七節、五旬節(Shavuot),這是把莊稼的第一批作物獻給上帝的節慶,象徵接下來完整的收成。在這個例子裏,這個預表(初熟節)在彌賽亞復活這個對範上得到了應驗,因為彌賽亞就是獻給上帝的「初熟果子」(林前十五2023)。
2.The feast of the firstfruits (Leviticus 23:10), i.e., Shavuot was a celebration in which the initial produce of the harvest was offered to God as a token of the full crop to follow. In this case, the type (the Feast of first fruits) is fulfilled in the antitype which is the resurrection of the Messiah who is the “first fruits” offered to God (1 Corinthians 15:20, 23).
 
3. 會幕和聖殿都是猶太人獻祭體系最核心的特色。它們都是上帝設立的,也是猶太人接近上帝的方式、途徑。在聖經裏,上帝至聖的同在(Shechinah舍金納聖雲彩)是上帝同在的有形顯現,祂降臨在榮光中,與人同住。舍金納榮耀的同在會以各種可見的顯現被人看見,例如光、火焰、雲彩、耶和華的使者,或以上的組合。上帝的榮耀會降在會幕,也會降在聖殿。
3.The Tabernacle and Temple were both central features of the Jewish sacrificial system. They both were initiated by God and were a means where the Jewish people could approach God. In the Bible, the Shechinah is the visible manifestation of the presence of God in which He descends to dwell among men. The Shechinah glory is seen in a variety of visible manifestations such as light, fire, a cloud, the Angel of the Lord, or a combination of all of these. The glory of God would descend in both the Tabernacle and Temple as well.
 
因此,與彌賽亞的降臨有關的,在約翰福音一章14節裏,上帝至聖的同在,就有了更偉大的意義。因為約翰說,「道成了肉身,住在我們中間,充充滿滿的有恩典有真理。我們也見過他的榮光,正是父獨生子的榮光。」
Therefore, in relation to the coming of the Messiah, the Shechinah takes on greater significance in John 1: 1-14. As John says, “And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.” “Dwelt” ( σκήνωμα), means to “live or camp in a tent” or figuratively
 
在新約聖經中,「住在」(Dwelt [σκήνωμα])的意思是「生活在或紮營在帳棚裏」,或象徵「居住在,把居所設立在……當中」。因此,約翰福音一章14節的意思是說:「道成了肉身,在我們中間支搭起帳幕」。
in the New Testament to”dwell, take up one’s residence, come to reside (among).” So i John 1:14 literally says,” the Word became flesh and tabernacled among us.
 
因此,無論是會幕或聖殿,在猶太人的聖經裏都是預表,而在對範裏應驗了,也就是在耶穌身上應驗了。
Therefore, both the Tabernacle and the Temple were types in the Jewish Scriptures that are fulfilled in the anti-type which is the person of Jesus.
 
二、人物
Persons
 

1. 以撒被綁的故事
The Binding of Isaac Story
 
以撒被綁(希伯來文= Akedah Yitzchak [עֲקֵידַת יִצְחַק])所講述的是上帝要求亞伯拉罕獻他兒子以撒的故事。因著亞伯拉罕的信心,上帝可以使被殺的以撒死而復活。以撒獻祭是預表,因著以下的幾個原因,彌賽亞就是這個預表的對範:(1) 它們都和一位父親獻他的獨生子為祭有關;(2) 它們都象徵獻祭者完全的奉獻;(3) 它們都說到了死亡和復活。
The Binding of Isaac or the “Akedah” tells the account of when God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac. Because of Abraham’s faith God would be able to resurrect the slain Isaac. The sacrifice of Isaac is the type in that the Messiah is the antitype in the following respects: (1) They both involve the sacrifice by a father of his only son; (2) They both symbolize a complete dedication on the part of the offerer; (3) It speaks of both a death and resurrection.
 
2. 大衛王
King David
 
雖然我們已經提到過,大衛王是彌賽亞的預表,因為他既然是大衛家的君王,就成為神的兒子;他統治以色列,與上帝有一種親密的關係。但是大衛王的角色指向一位更偉大的君王,他是彌賽亞的對範。
Even though we have already mentioned this King David was was type of the Messiah in that he was a son of God in the sense of being a Davidic King who was a ruler and who had an intimate relationship with God. But the role of King David pointed towards a greater king who is the antitype- the Messiah.
 
讓我們查考羅馬書一章15節:
Let’s look at Romans 1:1-5
 
耶穌基督的僕人保羅,奉召為使徒,特派傳神的福音。 這福音是神從前藉眾先知在聖經上所應許的, 論到他兒子我主耶穌基督。按肉體說,是從大衛後裔生的; 按聖善的靈說,因從死裏復活,以大能顯明是神的兒子。 我們從他受了恩惠並使徒的職分,在萬國之中叫人為他的名信服真道。
“Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, which He promised beforehand through His prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning His Son, who was born of a descendant of David according to the flesh, who was declared the Son of God with power by the resurrection from the dead, according to the Spirit of holiness, Jesus Christ our Lord, through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith among all the Gentiles for His name’s sake, among whom you also are the called of Jesus Christ; to all who are beloved of God in Rome, called as saints:Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.”
 
我們可以看到:
We see the following:
 
保羅說,耶穌藉著復活被上帝立為神的兒子(羅一4)。保羅不是說耶穌被指派為神的兒子,耶穌的本質就改變了。這指派不是就祂的本質來說的,而是就祂作為中保的工作來說的——彌賽亞時代已經降臨了。耶穌是主,即舊約聖經裏先前的「眾子」(亞當、大衛、以色列)的對範。
Paul says through the resurrection, Jesus is installed (by God) as the Son of God (Rom. 1:4). Paul is not saying Jesus is being appointed as The Son of God is a change in Jesus’ essense. The appointment is not in terms of his nature but in terms of his work as a mediator—the messianic age has dawned. Jesus is the Lord—the anti-type of the previous “sons” in the Old Testament (Adam, David, Israel).
 
3. 麥基洗德
Melchizedek
 
麥基洗德既是撒冷王,同時(創十四1820)也是至高神的祭司,也是彌賽亞的預表。耶穌是對範,祂開始在大衛的寶座上作王,並同時成為我們的大祭司(參:詩一一〇4;亞六1213;來五510,七117)。
Melchizedek was both king of Salem and a priest of God—at the same time (Genesis 14:18-20)and a a type of  Messiah.  Jesus as the anti-type  began to reign on David’s throne and to simultaneously function as our high priest (cf. Psalm 110:4; Zechariah 6:12, 13; Hebrews 5:5-10; 6:20; 7:1-17).
 
三、預表法的濫用
Abuse of typology

 
萊特接著討論了基督徒圈子裏對預表法的濫用,我自己也見過許多。他說到:
Wright goes on to discuss the abuse of typology in Christian circles.  I have seen a lot of this myself. He says:
 
預表法的舊觀點不再受人歡迎,是因為它關心的只是在整本舊約聖經中找到基督的一些「預兆」(prefigurations)。這種觀念認為,一個「預表」的核心特徵是:這個預表會預示出基督。但是這並不是被視為在基督的亮光下才被人觀察到的事,而是因為這是任何被視為一種「預表」的,其本身存在的唯一理由。按照這種看法,一個「預表」就是在舊約聖經裏,任何受上帝的安排,其主要目的是為了預示基督的事件、制度、人物。這會帶來兩種不幸的副作用。
The older view of typology fell into disfavor because it was solely concerned with finding “prefigurations” of Christ all over the Old Testament. The idea was that the central feature of a “type” was that it prefigured Christ. But this was handled not as something observed afterward in the light of Christ but rather as the very reason for existence of whatever was being regarded as a “type.” So a “type,” in this view, was any event, institution or person in the Old Testament that had been arranged by God for the primary purpose of foreshadowing Christ. This had two unfortunate side effects.
 
首先,它通常意味著解讀舊約的人無法在舊約的事件和人物身上找到事實和意義。因此沒有必要花時間在以色列人自己的歷史語境和背景下去明白和解讀經文,或者問這些經文對當時的人來說是什麼意思。你可以直接跳到基督,因為這是你會找到所謂「真正」意義的地方。這樣作的結果是用一種非常「柏拉圖式的」方法來看待舊約。也就是說,這其實只是蒐集了一些無關緊要的事情的「影子」罷了。這種閱讀聖經的方法,貶低了舊約的以色列,以及上帝在他們身上、藉著他們所成就的一切事的歷史真相和確實性。其次,這類預表法會有一種傾向,會陶醉在各種稀奇古怪的嘗試裏,企圖要把舊約聖經裏的一個「預表」裏的所有細節,解讀為是在預示耶穌某種晦澀難明的細節。你一旦把這個事件、制度、人物,與其以色列實在的歷史根源斬斷,這些細節就不再被視為舊約敘事者所說的、這個故事中單純的一部分。既然「真正的意義」其實只能在耶穌裏、在新約裏被找到,所有的細節就必須含有某種隱藏的、可以被應用到基督身上的意義。這要靠作家或傳道人的技巧或想像力,才能闡發這些意義,像一位魔術師從帽子裏拉出兔子來一樣,讓那些帶著仰慕之情的讀者或聽眾驚嘆連連。會幕中所有的彩色絲繩都可以用來象徵耶穌的某些特點。大衛撿起來的五塊石子分別代表基督的五處傷口,或者,祂用來餵飽群眾的五條麵包,或基督賜給教會的五重職事。祂是從溪水中撿起這些石子的,因此這條溪流就是聖靈,等等千奇百怪的解釋。這種處理希伯來經文的方式,如今已經被正確地視為是無效的、主觀的解讀。(萊特,《透過舊約認識耶穌》, p.121
First, it usually meant that the interpreter of the Old Testament failed to find much reality and meaning in the events and persons of the Old Testament in themselves. There was no need to spend time understanding and interpreting the texts in their own Israelite historical context and background or to ask what they meant to those people at that time. You could just jump straight to Christ, because that is where you would find the supposed “real” meaning. This ends up with a very “Platonic” view of the Old Testament. That is, it is really only a collection of “shadows” of something else. Such a way of reading the Bible devalues the historical reality and validity of Old Testament Israel and all that God did in and through and for them. Second, this kind of typology had a tendency to indulge in fanciful attempts to interpret every detail of an Old Testament “type” as in some way a foreshadowing of some other obscure detail about Jesus. Once you had severed the event, institution or person from its actual historical roots in Israel, then the details would no longer be seen as simply part of the story as the Old Testament narrator told it. Since the “real meaning” was actually to be found in Jesus and the New Testament, all the details must have some hidden significance that could be applied to Christ. preacher to bring such meanings out, like a magician bringing rabbits out of a hat to the astonished gasps of admiring readers or listeners. All the colored threads of the tabernacle could signify something about Jesus. The five stones that David picked up represent the five wounds of Christ, or the five loaves he used to feed the crowd, or the five ministries that Christ has given to the church. He took them out of a stream, which was the Holy Spirit. And so on. This way of handling the Hebrew text is quite rightly now regarded as invalid and subjective.- Wright, Christopher J. H,  Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament (Knowing God Through the Old Testament Set)  InterVarsity Press.
 
結論
Conclusion

預表法是認識上帝如何藉著以色列人歷史來行事,以及認識以色列歷史和耶穌的位格與工作之間關係的一種有益的方式。然而,正如萊特所說,當我們自己在使用預表法時,必須謹慎從事。
Typology is a helpful way of understanding how God worked with Israel’s history and how it relates to the person and work of Jesus. However, as Wright says, we need to exercise caution in our own approach to the use of typology.