2019-01-16


论信条

摘自《致年轻加尔文主义的信》Letters to a Young Calvinist: An Invitation to the Reformed Tradition,第11封信,改革宗思想之旅P.66-7o
詹姆士.史密斯(James K. A.Smith)著, 李晋 马丽译, 上海三联书店出版发行。

当一个教会或信仰传统描述自己是「告白性的」(正如许多改革宗教会那样),这意味着,此教会或传统把信经和信条作为它教义准则的陈述,也作为理解圣经的可信向导,以及对塑造基督门徒的清晰教导。如果我们以一些具体的例子来进行讨论,可能会对你更有帮助。

首先,要注意信经和信条之间是有区别的。「信经」(Creeds)通常是指教会的历史文献,这些文献形成于公元1世纪教父时期。它们是大公教会会议的成果,当时这些会议聚集了广泛的教会人士, 一起讨论,因此有时它们也被称为「大公信经」。信经也是在教会首次大分裂之前所形成的表述文字,那是东方教会和西方教会的一次分裂(大致形成了东正教和罗马天主教)。这些早期的信经是所有基督徒都公认的,因为它们可以算得上是最古老的教会记忆。所以,当我们提到信经时,我们是指《使徒信经》、《尼西亚信经》和《阿塔那修信经》。《使徒信经》是对基督教信仰最简洁明瞭的总结,教会为让信徒在冼礼时作出信仰告白,从而产生使徒信经。《尼西亚信经》和《阿塔那修信径》包含对信仰更为完整的陈述。这两个信经更为全面、具体、细微地描述了对三一真神的信仰。

另一方面,「信条」(Confessions)则涉及效为后期的信仰文献和信仰陈述,它们都接受并建立在早期信经基础之上。「要理问答」通常被理解为是这些信条的重要组成部分。这些「信条」和「要理问答」一般都出现在宗教改革时期或之后,特别是在16世纪和17世纪。我通常把这些称为「大陆信条」,因为它们产生于欧洲大陆。「盎格鲁信条」则是英格兰和苏格兰宗教改革的产物。因此,大陆信条当然包括路德的《奥格斯堡信条》,但更多是指加尔文主义的准则,即《多特信条》、《海德堡要理问答》和《多特信条》。盎格鲁信条包括了《三十九条信纲》和《威斯敏斯特信条》,以及《威斯敏斯特大小要理问答》和《威斯敏斯特小要理问答》。改革宗教会通常都服从于我所说的大陆信条,而长老教会则釆用盎格鲁信条,特别是《威斯敏斯特信条》。

目前,没有哪一个教会把自己描述为「有信条的」传统或教派,将他们的信经或信条等同于圣经,也没有哪一个教会宣称他们的信经或信条是无误的。信条、甚至包括信经都应该服在圣经权威之下,唯独圣经是无误的。这些信经和信条都是服务于圣经的,你可以用不同的方式看待它们。例如,《海德堡要理问答》把《使徒信经》描述为福音的《总结》。因此你在这裡可以看到一种有趣的分层现象:《海德堡要理问答》也是一个较后期的信条。而且,在《海德堡要理问答》中,最显着的一部分就是对基督教信仰的总结和解释(见第23-58问)。然而,这个要理问答已经视信经为相比于圣经更为清晰的信仰结晶。因为根据《海德堡要理问答》,对于我们而言,「信经条款中的基督教信仰已经为我们总结出了福音,这福音是不容置疑的,也为全世界的基督徒所承认。」

第二个例子,你可以把信经和信条作为一种故事情节的总结。说它们是学习指南可能并不准确,不如把它们视为对信仰的总结和概览。这样做的目的不是要代替故事本身,而是为进入更宏大的故事提供一个入口。要记住,要理问答的写作目的,特别是为了帮助年轻人在信仰中成长,因此它具有一种教育的功能。

最后,你可以把信经和信条理解为是表达信仰之语言的语法。它们本不应该用来代替所说的语言!但是,它们提供了一种学习第二语言的方式。如果我正在学习希腊语法,这并不是说我明白希腊语语法,而是说我能借此去阅读希腊文,也可能明白一些希腊文新约圣经的语法。因此,我也可以学习信经和信条所清晰表达的那个信仰的语法,但信经和信条自身并不是学习的目的,它们可以邀请人更好地阅读圣经,并且也可以作为信仰实践的指南。

尽管如此,在改革宗传统中,这些「有信条的」教会也把信经和信条作为上帝的恩赐来领受。如果说按圣经所应许的,升天的主赐给教会很多恩赐,如使徒、先知、教师和牧师,目的是「为要成全圣徒,各尽其职,建立基督的身体,直等到我们众人在真道上同归于一,认识神的儿子,得以长大成人,满有基督长成的身量」(弗4:12-13)。而且,主赐予我们这些恩赐,是为了我们「不被一切异教之风摇动,飘来飘去,就随从各样的异端(14节),那麽我们应当说,改革宗传统就是把这信经和信条也看为上帝的恩赐。也就是说,信经和信条是历代教会那些因蒙圣灵引导而有智慧的教师们所结的果子,并作为恩赐传递给我们。

我希望你能够看出,这些讨论是从我上次信里谈到的属灵识别力中延伸出来的:这强调了教会历史的根本性作用。而对教会历史的重视又建基于对圣灵应许的信靠----圣灵应许带我们进入真理。事实上,或许我们应该换一个说法,那就是:改革宗传统是一种有信经或有信条的传统,正是因为这一传统从根本上信靠基督的灵以道成肉身的方式在历史中的工作。教会就是基督的身体,正如基督所应许的那样;祂就不会撇下我们成为孤儿,而是赐下圣灵------能力和啓示之灵。这圣灵在基督的身体中是活的,是有功效的而这个身体就是我们,也就是教会。的确,如果我们按照这应许而行,我们也许可以说,那些基督教国度中的「反信经」派别,就他们对历史的质疑而言,实际上是接近于诺斯替主义的。正如很多异端否认基督具有人性,我认为,那些不继承正统信经和信条之传承的教派,也是在某种方式上再次拒绝接受基督的身体。最终,这些唯独圣经、反对信条的传统(这些反『传统』的传统),正是蔑视、唾弃基督通过圣灵而应许给我们的恩赐。



基督的工作如何「作工」(一):认识行为之约How the Work of Christ"Works"  Part I: Understandingthe Covenant of Works

作者Matt Perman  译者诚之

大纲

前言
一、行之约的本质:概览
a. 亚当与上帝的天然关系
b. 亚当与上帝的圣约关系
c. 亚当与全人类的圣约关系
二、行之约的证据:详细的查考
1. 上帝与亚当立了一个约
a. 何西阿书六章7
b. 圣约中基本的元素都存在
c.亚当与基督的平行说明亚当是在一个约中
2. 上帝把亚当放在一个考验期裡
a. 亚当在上帝面前正确的地位还没有得到确认
b. 上帝正在考验亚当
c. 这个考验的结果会决定亚当在上帝面前的地位
3. 上帝对不顺服的刑罚是咒诅
4. 上帝对完全顺服的应许是永生
a. 生命树象征对顺服的奖赏:永生
b. 死亡的威胁暗示生命的奖赏
c. 罗马书七章10节对顺服的应许是生命
d. 加拉太书三章12节对完全顺服的应许是生命
e. 基督顺服的结果表明亚当的顺服会是怎样的结果
f. 考验期的本质
5. 考验期是一段有限的时期
6. 亚当代表全人类
三、基督的工作如何作工
1. 基督成全了行之约
2. 基督的工作何有效?
3. 基督的工作是必须的

** **

前言 

基督的工作(work)是如何「作工」(work)的?换句话说,基督的一生与死亡,如何能把永生赐给信徒?爲什么基督在地上所作的,能成功地使信徒与上帝和好?它是如何「作工」的?

如果我们明白通常所谓的「行爲之约」,对这个问题,就有了坚实的答案——因爲『行爲之约』所隐含的一些原则,能爲基督的工作提供稳固的基础。一旦我们明白行爲之约,我们就能理解基督的工作爲何能成功地(即:「作工」)拯救我们。这是非常重要的,因爲如果我们不明白行爲之约,我们对基督救赎工作的认识,就没有稳固的基础,随时都会崩塌。

因此,在这个系列中,我们会探讨圣经对『行爲之约』,以及它对『基督工作的果效爲什么是必要的』的教导。在这篇文章中,我们会把焦点放在行爲之约的本质与证据上。我们会试着证明,创造之时,上帝就在亚当裡与全人类立了行爲之约。然后我们会证明这个圣约中的原则,如何能解释基督的工作如何「作工」拯救我们,也因此,如果否认全人类在亚当裡有一个行爲之约,基督的工作就是虚空的。

圣经中最重要的教义经常被许多人严重地误解,行爲之约也不例外。许多坚定的基督徒,因爲对此教义有严重的误解,使他们无法接受此教义。因此我们在第二篇文章中,会试图澄清对此约的误解,以反驳主要的反对意见。

最后,在第三篇文章中,我们会查考行爲之约的必要性。虽然我们在第一篇文章的最后会触及这个问题,但是最后的这篇文章会从不同的角度更深入地加以探讨。在目前这篇文章中,我们会透过亚当的角度来查考基督的工作(因爲基督是「末后的亚当」),第三篇文章会查考新约对基督工作的教导,对我们认识上帝与亚当的关系,以及在祂裡面,上帝与全人类的关系的涵义。只有在这点上,我们会清楚看到,要同时肯定圣经对基督工作的教导,却又否认全人类在亚当裡有一个行爲之约,是前后不一致的。

要在这篇文章中开始我们的任务,最有裨益的是对行爲之约的本质做一个全面性的概览(即,它是什么),然后我们会查考我们得到此结论的圣经根据。如此,当我们查考具体的圣经证据时,会帮助我们理解局部和整体是如何相关的,盼望这会避免让我们不至于见树而不见林。

一、行爲之约的本质:概览

『行爲之约』描述的是上帝与亚当(和在祂裡面的全人类)在堕落之前建立的关系。因着亚当在此约中独特的角色,我们可以借着靠查考此约如何适用在亚当身上,而得知它如何适用于全人类。

在伊甸园之,上帝与亚当之间的关系之所以被称爲『约』,不单是因爲他的被造,此约就被套在他身上。不,这是在亚当被造的基础之上,上帝与亚当所另外立的约。那么,要了解行爲之约,认识亚当与上帝天然的关系,就是很重要的。

a. 亚当与上帝的天然关系

上帝在完美的正直中造了亚当。既然上帝不能惩罚无罪的,或不去贊许道德的良善,亚当就得到上帝的接纳,能接近上帝,且从创造的那一刻起,上帝就喜悦他。换句话说,亚当从在圣洁中被造的伊始,在上帝面前,就有一个正确的地位(had a right standing with God)。在这个与上帝的自然关系裡(即亚当单单因爲被造,与上帝所拥有的关系),只要亚当保持完全的正直,他与上帝之间正确的地位就能维持(因爲上帝总是喜悦接纳完美的道德良善)。

然而,亚当并未拥有这个保证,就是他会永恒地拥有在上帝面前正确的关系,他永远会保持正直。因爲即使亚当被造时,在道德上是正直公义的,但是他的义却是可变的(a changeable righteousness),因此,总是存在一种可能,就是他会犯罪,并失去他在上帝面前正确的地位。正如霍志恒所说的,「人受造时本来的境况,其实是处于一个未确定的试验期裡(indefinite probation):只要他一日不犯罪,他就一日仍然保持他所拥有的一切。但是在这种未完全作实(unconfirmed)的境况裡,他一向固有的宗教和道德意识与力量,并不能保证他会永远这样。」[1]

如此,在亚当与上帝的天然关系裡,他并不拥有永生,因爲他在上帝面前正确的地位并不是永恒地得到确认的;他有可能会从这个正确的地位中堕落,因此得不到永生。此外,亚当在他天然的状态裡,对上帝的顺服并不能爲他确保永生;他保持顺服,只能使他维持在上帝面前正确的地位。

上帝让亚当永远活在这个天然的关系中,他仍然是完全正直和公义的,因此,摆在亚当面前的,是从这个正确的地位中坠落的可能性。但是在这种状态裡与上帝的交通,与完美还差得很远。因爲只要失去上帝的接纳的可能性仍然存在,就有一种不确定性,人与上帝的团契就没有完全的保障。换句话说,存在着一种与上帝更高的团契形式,是亚当靠天然的关系所未拥有的——而上帝在祂的爱、在祂父亲的恩典中,希望人能够得到这个完美的团契。

因此,在祂的恩典中,上帝与亚当立了一个约,好让他能「从一个未完全作实的境况,进到一个完全作实的境况。当完全作实时,人所拥有的一切就永远不会受到罪的恶果的影响。」 [霍志恒,29]

b. 亚当与上帝的圣约关系

在此约中,上帝对祂的律法总结在禁止吃分辨善恶树的果子这条命令上。祂接着让亚当接受是否顺服这个命令的试验中,而这个试验是有一定期限的(即直到顺服上帝、拒绝诱惑爲止,或不顺服、屈服于诱惑爲止)。上帝所要求的顺服不是外在的,而是内在的——也就是说,要来自对上帝的爱与信任,这样的一颗心。不过,上帝要求亚当的是顺服,而不只是信任。

上帝应许亚当,如果他能完全顺服,通过这个测验,他在上帝面前正确的地位就可以作实(得到确认,confirmed)。上帝所要求的是完全的顺服,因爲,(在衆多我们以后会看到的理由当中),即使只犯了一次罪,也配得死亡(雅二10),因此,透过亚当自己的顺服,即使只犯了一次罪,也可以使亚当失去得到永生的资格。如此,若亚当以任何方式不顺服此约,他就会受到永恒的咒诅。

虽然上帝应许要接纳亚当,如果他遵守圣约的规条,他就会得到永远不会失去的永恒恩惠,这还不是上帝在行爲之约裡所有的应许。祂也应许会接纳亚当进入一个,比亚当在伊甸园所享受的更高的祝福裡。因爲亚当虽然生活在一个令人喜爱的乐园裡,他还无法接近更直接的、天上的、上帝的荣耀完全的彰显。这是因爲他属地而不是属天的地位,同时也是因爲虽然上帝在伊甸园裡与他同行,但是伊甸园裡的光不是上帝的荣耀。只有当天地合在一起时,才会在新耶路撒冷看到上帝的荣耀之光(啓廿二1-5)。

总之,上帝在约中应许亚当,如果他顺服,就会脱离他可变的、在上帝面前的正确地位(这个地位可以使他接近上帝啓示在地上的荣耀),他也会得到一个不会变的、在上帝面前的正确地位(这个地位可以使他接近上帝在天上、同时在地上所啓示的完全的荣耀)。换句话说,上帝应许如果亚当完全顺服约中的命令,他就会得到上帝的接纳,永远享受祂天上的荣耀(从此他会称之爲「永生」,或简单说,「生命」)。这就是爲什么此约会被称爲「工作」之约——因爲上帝赐永生的基础,是亚当的顺服。

c. 亚当与全人类的圣约关系

这个约是以一种独特的方式和亚当所立的,但这不是只和亚当所立的。这是因爲上帝使亚当作爲他所有后裔的代表元首,因此,他所作的,也会被归算、或转移到他所有的后裔身上。如此,在伊甸园裡,不只是亚当接受考验,而是全人类接受考验;不只是亚当的命运要依赖他的顺服或不顺服,这也是我们的命运。和亚当一样,我们也借着此约,要不是得到生命,就是得到死亡——不是靠我们个人的行爲,而是透过亚当——我们的代表——的行动。

这就是行爲之约。我已经爲那些靠着明白事物的全貌来认识真理的人(像我一样),尝试做了详尽的解释。对那些只想靠简短叙述的人,再没有比威敏思特信仰告白说得更好的了:「上帝与人所立的第一个约是行爲之约。在此约中,神应许把生命赐给亚当,再由他传给他的后代,条件是完全、而且是在个人层面的顺服(perfect and personal obedience)。」(第七章,第2条)


二、行爲之约的证据:详细的查考

在认识了所谓的「行爲之约」的本质之后,我们可以开始查验圣经的资料,来证明这种理解是正确的:上帝在亚当裡与全人类发生关系。把以下的元素放在一起,可以证明行爲之约是存在的,即:上帝(1) 与亚当立了一个约,(2) 亚当要作爲他所有后裔的盟约代表,在此约中,(3) 亚当要在考验期中接受试炼,(4)这段考验期是一段有限的时期,祂应许,(5) 不顺服的惩罚是永恒的刑罚,(6) 顺服的奖赏是永生。接下来,我们会查验这些元素。

1. 上帝与亚当立了一个约

至少有三项理由相信上帝与亚当立了一个约。
a. 何西阿书六7
b. 圣约的基本元素都在
c. 亚当与基督的平行证明亚当是在一个约中(罗马书五12-19;林前十五22, 45-49

a. 何西阿书六7

首先,何西阿书六7这样教导。论及以色列,上帝宣告:「他们却如亚当背约,在境内向我行事诡诈。」正如古登(Wayne Grudem)的注解,「这段经文将亚当视爲在一个圣约关系中,然后他在伊甸园之悖逆了。」[2]

有些人反对这个说法,认爲这句经文应该被翻译爲「他们却『在亚当(城)』背约」(例如,新译本;英文RSV译本),而不是「他们却『如亚当』背约」。这似乎意味着这句经文不是说到第一个人与上帝的关系,而是说到有些人在亚当城背约了。亚当城大约位于耶利哥北方12哩之处,在约旦河旁(参约书亚记三16)。但是古登指出,即使RSV译本也承认,「这是推测的修订,希伯来原文实际上应该读作『如亚当』(Heb. keadam)」。希伯来文的介系词ke意思是「如」,而不是「在」(古登,516页)。

其他人反对这个说法,认爲「亚当」也可以译爲「人」,也就是说这节经文不是说到上帝与第一个人(他的名字是亚当)之间的约,而只是笼统地论及人类。不过,如同古登进一步指出的,「……[这个]说法没有什么意义:这句经文无法指出一个着名的约,是人类所悖逆的。此外,把以色列和人类(他们本来就是人类)来对比,说他们「如人类」一样背了约,并没有什么帮助。这样的句子几乎意味着说以色列不是人类,而是其他种的生物」(古登,516页)。古登也指出,完全相同的希伯来文表述也用在约伯记卅一33NASB翻译爲「如亚当」,而上下文也清楚支持这个翻译。这个平行句也指明「在亚当」的翻译是错误的,因爲约伯记卅一33出现的句子,很清楚不可能指「在亚当」(见上下文)。

最后,即使这节经文最好的翻译是「他们『如人类』背约」,它仍然是上帝与亚当(以及在他裡面的全人类)之间存在一个约的坚实证据。因爲除了创造之外,还有什么事件是我们可以查考,说「这是有道理的,说上帝在此时刻与全人类设立了一个有条件的(即,可以违背的)约?」如同罗伯森(O. Palmer Robertson)所写的,「除了上帝与挪亚所立的约之外,圣经没有提到在[属灵的或实体的]以色列之外,存在任何具体的约。而挪亚之约对具体的圣约责任缺乏足够的强调,是何西阿可以有清楚的把握说人已经『破坏』了这个约。」[3]

换句话说,何西阿书六7不是指圣经中明确提到的任何救赎的圣约,因爲这些圣约都不具备何西阿提到的圣约的本质。此外,救赎曆史中没有其他的事件让何西阿有理由可以回顾,并指认它是上帝和全人类设立的一个有条件的圣约。那么,何西阿所说的这个圣约究竟是在何时设立的呢?

唯一合理的时候是在「救赎成爲必要之前」——也就是创造之时。救赎曆史中,不存在这样一个时刻,让何西阿有理由认爲上帝与全人类立了一个有条件的圣约。但是何西阿回顾人类被造的事件时,就有十足的理由,看到在此时刻,上帝会与全人类设立一个有条件的圣约。像创造这样重大的事件,被造物和造物主之间立约,当然是一个适当的时刻。而既然亚当是在此时刻唯一被造的人,此约必然是「在亚当裡」与全人类所立的。

如果根据以下的事实,即圣经中主要的救赎事件都伴随着圣约,这似乎就更爲可能了。如果救赎是在一个圣约的框架下执行的,那么,有可能创造也是——特别是我们在何西阿书六7看到,上帝与全人类之间存在一个有条件的圣约,这个约的设立无法套进救赎曆史的任何时点。因此,最有可能的是,即使何西阿书六7最好的翻译是「如人类」,它是论及『在创造时』,上帝与全人类所立的一个有条件的圣约。而既然亚当实际在创造时存在,这句经文强调的就是亚当是此约中全人类的代表(参罗五12以下)。因爲没有其他任何类似的状况,上帝与人之间设立了一个有条件的圣约,可以适用于全人类。

b. 圣约中基本的元素都存在

第二,我们知道上帝与亚当设立了一个约,因爲在亚当的被造和试验的记载裡,圣约所有的元素都存在。查看圣经说到的各个圣约表明,圣约是一个在两个或两个以上的团体间,生与死的约定。约中有必须完成的条款(stipulations),以及违背的惩罚。一言以蔽之,如果有立约的团体,有条款,有应许,而且有威胁,约就成立了。[4]而如果我们查考创世记二至三章的记载,我们可以看到这些元素都存在于上帝和亚当的关系裡面。因此,约是存在的。

创世记的背景没有称这个关系是「约」,并不是一个重大的反驳。例如,在撒母耳记下第七章,上帝应许大卫说祂的王国会治理以色列。虽然叙述上帝赐下此应许的经文没有称这个应许爲约,但是我们从诗篇八九319-37,以及撒下廿三5知道,这事实上是一个约。同样地,既然约的基本原则在创世记的记载裡都存在,我们就应该下此结论说上帝与亚当立了一个约,即使“「约」这个字没有用在这段叙述裡。

c.亚当与基督的平行说明亚当是在一个约中

第三,我们知道上帝与亚当立了一个约,因爲如同罗伯逊所说的,「 新约把亚当和基督作爲平行(罗五12-19;林前十五2245-49)暗示,正如基督是新约的盟约(federal,字根是拉丁文foedus,意思是「约」covenant)代表,同样,亚当在约的安排中,也是作爲盟约的代表。[5]

2. 上帝把亚当放在一个考验期裡

说亚当在堕落前,是在一个考验期(a probationary period)裡,有三个意思:首先,这是说亚当在上帝面前的地位还没有得到确立(not confirmed)——它还「未成定局」。其次,它是说亚当正在接受考验,而这个考验与他的顺服有关。第三,它的意思是这个考验的结果(即亚当的顺服或不顺服)会决定并确保亚当在上帝面前的地位(standing)。如果我们能证明这三件事爲真,那么,我们就可以说亚当是在一个考验期裡,因爲这三件事是考验期的意义所在。

a. 亚当在上帝面前正确的地位还没有得到确认

我们知道亚当在上帝面前的地位还没有得到确认,是因爲亚当有可能堕落(capable of falling)。而我们知道亚当有可能堕落,单从一个事实就可以知道:他的确堕落了。如果他不可能堕落,他就不曾堕落!但是他有可能堕落的事实说明,他在上帝面前的状态(status)是可变的(capable of changing)。换句话说,在伊甸园裡,亚当并没有受到咒诅,但他也尚未在最高的状态裡,即「永恒地被确认在上帝面前有正确的地位」,这是选民在基督裡的地位(罗八30;约十27-30)。他还没有永生。[6]

b. 上帝正在考验亚当 

我们知道上帝正在考验亚当,有几个理由。首先,因爲上帝给了亚当一个命令,禁止他做一件在本质上不是错误的事(创三17)。从一棵树上吃果子,在本质上不是错事。但是上帝吩咐亚当不可吃分辨善恶树上的果子,因此这件事对亚当来说,就是错的。这表明上帝是在考验亚当。否则,上帝爲什么要给亚当这种命令?

正如慕理(John Murray)说的,不要吃树上的果子这个命令,「是负面的,如此,它就与其他[创造]的律例不同。它的特征和意图都不在同一类,有其特殊性(创二17)。它只适用在亚当和夏娃身上,而且与伊甸园的特殊情况有关。」我们必须要问:「爲什么,或目的是什么?」 [7] 在深入思考后,似乎最好的答案是上帝在考验亚当。

第二,我们知道上帝在考验亚当,因爲经文很清楚说撒但在诱惑亚当不要顺服上帝给他们的命令(创三1-14)。因爲上帝掌管万事(弗一11),祂是在容许这个诱惑发生。但是这意味着上帝是让亚当和夏娃面对一个处境,他们要做出顺服或不顺服的决定。也就是说,祂让我们接受一个顺服的考验。[8]

第三,我们知道上帝在考验亚当,因爲死亡是不顺服所附加的惩罚(创二17)。换句话说,上帝给了亚当一个受咒诅或蒙祝福的机会——根据他要如何处理这棵树。这就是我们说亚当在接受一个「考验」的意思。

c. 这个考验的结果会决定亚当在上帝面前的地位

如果亚当在接受考验(大多数神学家似乎都认爲这是很清楚的),那么,显然接下来的问题是,他在上帝面前的地位就会被这个考验的结果所决定。因爲,正如我们刚才看到的,亚当正在接受考验的这个事实,说明亚当对这棵树所作的,会使另一件事深受影响。这件事就是亚当在上帝面前的地位,其证据就是亚当如果失败,惩罚就是死亡(亦即,在上帝面前有错误的地位)这个事实。

换句话说,既然死亡(从与上帝的团契中被驱逐出去)是未通过考验的惩罚,那么,这个考验的目的就是爲了决定亚当在上帝面前的地位。[9] 因爲没有通过这个考验的结果,就是失去上帝的接纳;而通过这个考验的结果,至少就是继续爲上帝接纳(我们在后门会看到,不只如此)。

3. 上帝对不顺服的刑罚是咒诅

很少有人争论说上帝吩咐亚当,不可吃分辨善恶树上的果子,如果他吃了,他就会死:「耶和华 神吩咐他说:『园中各样树上的果子,你可以随意吃,只是分别善恶树上的果子,你不可吃,因爲你吃的日子必定死!』」(创二16-17)因此,死亡是不顺服约的条款的结果。

在这里,上帝所说的死亡必然包括永恒的咒诅,因爲在罗马书五15-18,保罗把亚当带到世上的死亡理解爲包括永恒的咒诅。例如,注意到保罗如何说到,「因一人的过犯,衆人都死了」(15节),以及「因一次的过犯,衆人都被定罪」(18节)。身体的死亡只是我们都会受的、更严重的永恒死亡的一幅图画。

创世记二16-17所说的不只是身体的死亡,在上下文中也可以得到证明。霍志恒观察到,「死亡是与上帝隔离,因爲罪带来死亡,并使人被逐出园子。如果与上帝有交通就是生命,那么,反过来说,与上帝隔离就是死亡。这样,死亡有更深一层的、内在的意义。第23节暗示了死亡和与上帝隔离是相连的:『耶和华便打发他出伊甸园去,耕种他所出自之土。』『耕种他所出自之土』让我们回想起第19节。换言之,被赶出园子(失去与上帝同在)意即被赶往死亡。死亡的根源在于被赶逐离开上帝。」(霍志恒,《圣经神学》,48页。)

最后,我们从圣经啓示其他部分知道,所有的罪都配得永恒的惩罚。因此,亚当的罪的刑罚就是永恒的咒诅。

4. 神对完全顺服的应许是永生

God promised eternal life to perfect obedience

我们在上面提到过,从下面的经文我们会看得更清楚,圣经所说的永生,有两个层面:在神面前正确的地位得到确认,以及享受祂天上的荣耀。在园子里,亚当并不拥有这些,所以他没有永生。但是行爲之约给了他一个合理的可能性,如果他顺服,就可以得到永生。不过,在查验圣经的证据之前,有些澄清需要加以强调,以避免误解。As we mentioned above and will see more clearly below from the Scriptures, there are two aspects to what the Scriptures mean by eternal life: confirmation in a right standing with God and a title to the enjoyment of His heavenly glory. Adam lacked these things in the Garden, and thus lacked eternal life. But the covenant of works set before him the legitimate possibility of obtaining eternal life if he obeyed. Before examining the Scriptural evidence for this, however, some clarifications need to be emphasized to avoid misunderstanding.

首先,说亚当在园子里没有永生不是说他在原初被造的状态,会受死亡的管制。死亡是作爲咒诅,在创世记319被提出来的,因此,这不是亚当在堕落前天然的存在模式的一部分。所以,亚当原初在园子里的存在状态虽然不包括永生,但是也不包括死亡。然而,亚当借着犯罪,能够“成爲”被罪所管制。因此,在他堕落前的生命中,亚当是“不朽的”(不受死亡管制),但是有着“可败坏的不朽”( corruptible immortality)(这不朽是可以丢失的),但不是一种“永不败坏的不朽”(不会丢失的不朽)。First, to say that Adam did not possess eternal life in the Garden is not to say that he was subject to death as originally created. Death is presented as a curse in Genesis 3:19, and thus could not have been a part of Adam’s natural mode of existence before the fall. So even though Adam’s original state of existence in the Garden did not include eternal life, neither did it include death. Nonetheless, Adam was able to become subject to death by sinning. Consequently, in his pre-fallen life Adam had was immortal (not subject to death) with a corruptible immortality (one that could be lost), but not an incorruptible immortality (one that cannot be lost).

第二,说神在行爲之约中应许亚当,比起在原初的状态,他会得到神的荣耀更大的祝福,不是说在堕落之前他不是活在乐园和荣耀中,只是单纯地说他不是在一个完全荣耀的状态——亦即,他的産业是地上的,还不是天上的。Second, to say that Adam was promised a greater blessing of Gods glory in the covenant than he had in his original state is not to say that he did not live in paradise and glory before the fall, but is simply to say that he did not exist in a state of fullness of glory--that is, his estate was earth and not also heaven.

第三,说亚当原初被造时,在神面前还未具备一个作实的(或译爲确认的)正确的地位,不是说亚当在原初被造时,在神面前没有一个正确的地位,而是说,亚当被造,在神面前有正确的地位,但是他在神面前正确的地位还没有得到永恒的保障。Third, to say that Adam did not possess a confirmed right standing with God as originally created is not to say that Adam possessed no right standing with God as originally created. Rather, Adam was created right with God but not eternally secured in a right standing with God.

a. 生命树象征对顺服的奖赏:永生The tree of life symbolized a reward of eternal life for obedience

「永生」在这个意义上,就是在神面前有得到确认的地位,以及拥有天上的荣耀,这是神给亚当的应许,条件是他要顺服神的啓示。这有几个因素。首先,生命树的啓示是:若亚当成功地通过考验期,神就会赐给他永生。上帝在创世记322明确地说,如果亚当吃了生命树的果子,他就会“永远活着”。当然上帝不是说这棵树的果子有什么神秘特质,可以使人得到永生。不,似乎最佳的结论是这棵树是把一些特定状况下的永生,“以圣礼的方式传递给人”(the sacramental means for communicating the highest life)(霍志恒,《圣经神学》,37页。)[10] That eternal life in this sense of a confirmed standing with God and a title to heavenly glory was promised to Adam upon the condition that he obey is revealed by several factors. First, the presence of the tree of life reveals that, had Adam passed his probation successfully, he would have been given eternal life. God explicitly says in Genesis 3:22 that if Adam were to eat of the tree of life he would "live forever." Surely God is not stating that there is some magical quality of that tree to confer eternal life. Rather, it seems best to conclude that the tree would have "been the sacramental means for communicating" eternal life under certain circumstances (Vos, 28).[10]

这些特定状况是怎样的呢?根据「亚当是在一个接受考验的时期」这个事实,死亡是不顺服的惩罚,而吃了生命树上的果子会使亚当“永远活着”,这似乎是说如果亚当顺服,神就会赐给他接近生命树的管道——借着这棵树,吃了它果子的人就会“永远活着”。What circumstances would those be? In light of the fact that Adam was in a state of testing, that death was the threatened punishment for disobedience, and that eating of the tree would grant Adam to "live forever," it seems that obedience would have been the event in which Adam would have been granted access to the tree of life–the tree through which those who eat it "live forever."

当我们明白亚当在考验期并没有吃生命树的果子(创322),这就变得更爲明显了——虽然圣经没有记录神禁止亚当吃这棵树的果子。进一步说,如同霍志恒指出的,“人堕落之后,神说人到这个地步,还想要去摘生命树的果子,是违背神的目的的。但人有这个想法,多少暗示了人已经知道它是爲考验完毕之后而设的一个特定的、生命的圣礼。”(霍志恒,37页)This becomes especially evident when we realize that Adam did not eat of the tree of life during the probation (Genesis 3:22)–even though there was no recorded prohibition concerning that tree. Further, as Vos points out, "after the fall God attributes to man the inclination of snatching the fruit against the divine purpose. But this very desire implies the understanding that it somehow was the specific life-sacrament for the time after the probation" (Vos, 28).

如此,似乎最好的结论是:“这棵树是要保留到将来才使用的”(霍志恒,37页),也就是说,在成功地完成考验期之后。换句话说,既然亚当在考验期当中没有吃这树上的果子,而在他堕落之后,他就失去接近这树的管道,接近这棵树(也就是永生)就是在他通过考验期(完全的顺服)时,神要赐给他的。Thus, it seems best to conclude that "the use of the tree was reserved for the future" (Vos, 28)i.e., for after a successful completion of the probationary period. In other words, since Adam did not eat of the tree while in the probationary period and since he was denied access to the tree upon his fall, access to the tree (and thus eternal life) would only be given to him upon a successful completion of the probationary period (i.e., a course of perfect obedience).

因此,我们看到亚当在考验期当中,并不具备永生(因爲他还没有吃那“授予”此种生命的树),而是在通过完全顺服的过程时,神才会赐给他永生(因爲那时他就得到接近生命树的管道)。如此,生命树表明亚当完全的顺服会带给他永生。Consequently, we see that Adam did not yet possess eternal life during his probation (since he had not yet partook of the tree that "conferred" such life) but would have gained eternal life upon completion of a course of perfect obedience (because then he would have had access to the tree of life). Thus, the tree of life shows that perfect obedience for Adam would have resulted in eternal life.

但是我们如何知道这树所授予的生命会包括我们所定义的永生——也就是,确认在神面前有正确的地位,并使人得到天上的荣耀?因爲上帝说,吃生命树的果子意味着人会“永远活着”。这似乎是说,这棵树所象征的奖赏,只是在神面前的合适地位得到确认,而不包括得到天上的荣耀。But how do we know that the life that the tree would confer would include both aspects of eternal life as we are defining itnamely, the confirmation in right standing with God that gives one a title to heavenly glory? For God says that eating of the tree of life would mean that one would "live forever." That sounds like the reward symbolized by the tree was only confirmation in right standing with God and not also a title to heavenly glory. So how can we say that the tree symbolized not only confirmation in right standing with God but also a title to heavenly glory?

我的回答是:这是源自考验期的本质与奖赏。如同杜仁田(Francis Turretin)所争论的,“这条路的状态和天然家园的状态是不同的:那是竞争与试炼的场所,以及奖赏与代价的场所。地上的乐园是考验的场所,在其中享受的生命,就是这条路的状态。因此,另一个场所要被指定爲居住的场所,在那里,有应许的奖赏(此奖赏不外乎是天堂)……我忽略了这个论证,即如果亚当在顺服中坚忍到底,他和他所有的后裔,就不可能永远地留在地上。”[11] My answer is that it follows from the very nature of a probation and a reward. As Francis Turretin argues, "the state of the way ought to differ from the state of native country: the place of contest and trial, and the place of reward and wages. Now the earthly paradise was the place of trial and the life enjoyed in it, the state of the way. Thus another place ought to be assigned to the state of residence, in which the reward was promised (which could be [n]one other than heaven)…I pass over the argument that if Adam had persevered in obedience, it would have been impossible for him and all his posterity to remain perpetually upon the earth."[11]


三、基督的工作如何作工
HOW THE WORK OF CHRIST WORKS

我们已经查考了行爲之约的本质以及证据,接下来我们要查考行爲之约对基督的工作的意义。与此同时,我们也会注意到否认行爲之约对我们认识基督的工作所造成的一些问题。Now that we have examined the nature of the covenant of works and the evidence for it, we are in a position to examine the significance that the covenant of works has for the work of Christ. As we do this we will also note a few of the problems that a denial of the covenant of works creates for our understanding of the work of Christ.

1. 基督成全了行爲之约Christ fulfilled the covenant of works

圣经告诉我们,亚当是“那以后要来之人的预像”(罗514),以及基督是“末后的亚当”(林前1545)。这表明当基督来到地上,祂基本上是进入到上帝给亚当的同一类角色当中。亚当的处境和基督的处境,从救恩曆史来看是平行的。The Scriptures tell us that Adam "was a type of Him who was to come" (Romans 5:14) and that Christ is the "last Adam" (1 Corinthians 15:45). This indicates that when Christ came to earth He was essentially entering into the same kind of role that God had given to Adam. The situation which Adam was in and which Christ was in are parallel so far as salvation history is concerned.

这不只是从罗马书和哥林多前书的两节经文中而来的,也是罗马书515-21的整个框架。正如道格拉斯?慕(Douglas Moo)对这段经文的注解:“亚当和基督之间的相似性在于他们各自的行动被认爲对那些‘属于’他们的人具有决定性的意义。亚当和他的‘后裔’,以及基督和他的‘后裔’之间,这种‘结构性’的相似性,是构成整个15-21节的基础。”[16] This is born out not only by these two verses in Romans and 1 Corinthians, but also by the whole framework of Romans 5:15-21. As Douglas Moo has commented on this passage, "The similarity between [Adam and Christ] consists in the fact that an act of each is considered to have determinative significance for those who ‘belong’ to each. This ‘structural’ similarity between Adam’s relationship to his ‘descendants’ and Christ’s to his underlies all of vv. 15-21."[16]

这意味着既然亚当在行爲之约下作爲我们的代表(我们已经在前面看到的),基督也是在行爲之约下作爲我们的代表。如果亚当在行爲之约下,他的工作会决定所有在他里面的人的命运(林前1521-22),我们看到这的确如此,那么,当然,“末后的亚当”—亚当所象征的——也是在行爲之约下,所以祂的工作会觉得那些在祂里面的人的命运。因爲亚当对我们全部的意义是他是我们在行爲之约下的代表;因此,末后的亚当,第一个亚当所象征的,也必须是我们在行爲之约下的代表——事实上,祂是那位不只是爲我们成全了行爲之约,也泯除了归算给我们的亚当的背约。This means that since Adam was under a covenant of works as our representative (as we have just seen), Christ was in the covenant of works as our representative as well. If Adam was under a covenant of works such that his works would determine the destiny of all those in him (1 Corinthians 15:21-22), as we have seen he was, then surely the "last Adam"–the one whom Adam was signifying–was also under a covenant of works such that His works would determine the destiny of all those in Him. For the whole significance of Adam for us is that he was our representative under the covenant of works; therefore the last Adam, the One whom the first Adam signified, must also have been our representative under the covenant of works–one, in fact, who would not only fulfill the covenant of works for us but also erase the covenant violation of Adam that had been imputed to us.

基督是我们在行爲之约下的代表,这个事实的意思是,此约的核心原则,同样是基督工作的基础。因此既然我们已经探索了行爲之约,我们就可以回答这个问题:“基督的‘工作’爲什么可以‘作工’拯救我们?”在回答这个问题时,我们也会看到爲什么否认行爲之约,会使基督的工作成爲虚空。The fact that Christ was our representative under the covenant of works means that the principles which are at the heart of this covenant are at the foundation of the work of Christ. And so now that we have explored the covenant of works, we are in a position to answer the question, "Why does the work of Christ ‘work’ in saving us?" And in answering this question we will also see why a denial of the covenant of works would, if consistently held, render void the work of Christ.

2. 基督的工作爲何有效?Why the work of Christ "works"

如同我们所见,行爲之约的本质是上帝应许以永生来报答完全的顺服。根据这点,如果一个人完美地顺服上帝,会发生什么事?他(和所有他所代表的人)会得到永生!同样,那些在神面前不具备完全的义的人,会发生什么事?他不会得到永生——他要不是在一个考验期的状态,和亚当在堕落之前一样,就是他是有罪的,因此要受咒诅。The covenant of works, as we have seen, is at its essence Gods promise to reward perfect obedience with eternal life. In light of this, what would happen if one perfectly obeyed God? He (and all those he was representing) would be given eternal life! Likewise, what would happen to one who does not possess a perfect righteousness before God? He would not be given eternal life—he would either be in the state of probation Adam was in before the fall, or else he would be sinful and therefore condemned.

如此,基督的工作就确保了我们的永生,因爲它给了我们在神面前完全的义。既然根据神的应许,完美的义会确保永生,而基督已经爲我们偿付了罪的代价,并完美地顺服上帝,好让我们在祂里面得到完美的义,基督的工作就确保了所有相信的人永恒的救恩。那么,基督的工作爲什么可以“作工”呢?它只所以有效,是因爲它成全了行爲之约。The work of Christ, then, secures our eternal life because it provides us with a perfect righteousness before God. Since perfect righteousness secures eternal life according to the promise of God and since Christ has paid the penalty for our sins and perfectly obeyed God so that we have a perfect righteousness in Him, Christ’s work has secured the eternal salvation of those who believe. Why, then, does the work of Christ "work"? It works because it fulfills the covenant of works.

3. 基督的工作是必须的The "works" are essential

我们现在可以简短地查考否认行爲之约的后果。首先,既然行爲之约是基督的工作“作工”的理由,因此,如果我们否认行爲之约,我们就会让基督的工作失去任何拯救的价值。因爲行爲之约只是上帝应许要把永生赐给完美的义的体现。因此,若没有行爲之约,那么基督所赐予我们的完美的义,就不能爲我们得到永生。基督的工作就无法作工。We are now in a position to take a brief look at the consequences of denying the covenant of works. First, since the covenant of works is the reason that the work of Christ "works," it follows that if we deny the covenant of works, we render the work of Christ void of any saving worth. For the covenant of works is simply the embodiment of God’s promise to bestow eternal life upon the perfectly righteous. And so if there were no covenant of works, then the perfect righteousness that Christ supplies for us could not obtain eternal life for us. The work of Christ could not work.

第二,我们会在第三部分看到,否认行爲之约,会使圣经关于我们在被神称义时,所领受的、归算给我们的基督的义(林后521),失去意义。因爲若没有行爲之约,那么,爲什么基督完美的顺服(也就是义,参罗马书518以下)必须归算给我们,好让我们得以称义?Second, as we will see in part three, a denial of the covenant of works removes the categories necessary to give significance to the biblical teaching concerning the imputed righteousness of Christ that we receive in justification (2 Corinthians 5:21). For if there is no covenant of works, then why does the perfect obedience (that is, righteousness–cf. Romans 5:18ff) of Christ need to be imputed to us for justification?

最后,我们在接下来的篇幅中会看到,否认行爲之约很容易会模煳圣经对信心和工作之间的区别。而如果此区别被消解了,那么,我们罪人被称义的基础唯独是靠基督的这个教义,就完全失去了意义——也因此,唯独归荣耀给神也失去了意义。Finally, we will see further on down the road that a denial of the covenant of works tends to mitigate the biblical distinction between faith and works. And if this distinction is mitigated, then the doctrine of the justification of us sinners on the basis of Christ alone is undone–and, hence, soli deo gloria is also undone.

如此,爲了神的荣耀,我们必须坚持到底,继续更深入地查考基督的工作,以及行爲之约如何保护我们对祂的工作的认识。但是,首先,我们必须先处理一些反对意见,误解,和疑问。神是否命令人要赚取永生?爲什么上帝要求人完美的义,才赐给人永生?如果亚当必须以他的顺服爲基础来寻求生命,爲什么圣经告诉我们不要以我们的顺服爲基础来寻求永生?请接着看下一篇文章。For the glory of God, then, we must press on so that we can come to the point where we can examine in greater depth the work of Christ and the way the covenant of works safeguards our understanding of his work. But first, we must deal with several objections, misunderstandings, and questions. Is God commanding that eternal life be earned? Why does God require that eternal life be given on the basis of perfect righteousness? If Adam was to seek life on the basis of his obedience, why does the Bible tell us not to seek eternal life on the basis of our obedience? To these issues we will turn in the next article.


NOTES

1. Geerhardus Vos, Biblical Theology (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1996 reprint), p. 22. (中文版,天道,29页)


2. Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press, 1994), p. 516.

3. O. Palmer Robertson, The Christ of the Covenants (Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R, 1980), 23.

4. See Robertson, chapter 1, for a more in-depth analysis of the nature of a covenant.

5. Robert Reymond, A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998), p. 430.

6. An important aspect of my understanding of eternal life is that it involves the guarantee of being forever right with God. There are some who dispute with this understanding of eternal life, arguing that eternal life can be lost. As I am defining the term, however, an eternal life which can be lost is not, by definition, eternal life. The question is whether my view of eternal life comes from Scripture. I think it does because of the clear Scriptural witness to the fact that the eternal life believers receive will never be lost (Romans 8:30; John 10:26ff; 6:37ff; Ephesians 1:1-13). For those who do not accept this testimony of the Scriptures, we have the fact affirmed by almost all that once we make it to heaven we will never fall from grace. Thus, our life in heaven involves a guarantee of eternal fellowship with God. And that is what I mean by eternal life. Consequently, Adam clearly did not have eternal life in this sense in his probation because he did fall from God’s favor. Later I will argue that the kind of eternal life promised to perfect obedience is the same kind of eternal life that is promised to faith in Christ—and that, therefore, if Adam had obeyed in the covenant he would have been granted (and all in him) eternal life that can never be lost (the same kind believers have on earth and in heaven).

7. John Murray, "The Adamic Administration," in The Collected Writings of John Murray vol. 2 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1996 reprint), p. 48.

8. Vos makes some interesting observations demonstrating that Satan was behind the serpent. Most convincing is his observation that "Paul in Rom. 16:20 understands of Satan what in the curse [of Genesis 3:14] is made the serpent’s punishment, viz., his being bruised under foot" (Vos, 34).

9. I use "determine" here to mean basis and not ultimate cause. For I do not mean that Adam was ultimately the one in charge of his destiny. God is in control of all things, and so was in control of the destiny of Adam. But the destiny that God had appointed for Adam was to be given on the basis of whether Adam fulfilled the test or not. Of course God is the one who was in charge of whether Adam would fulfill the test or not. But it was nonetheless on the basis of Adam’s God-given obedience or God-permitted disobedience that his destiny would be given him. It is in that sense that Adam’s actions would "determine" his destiny and that of all belonging to him.

10. Turretin writes, "when God expelled man from paradise ‘lest man put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever’ (Gen. 3:22), it cannot thence be rightly inferred that there was a physical power in this tree of so great efficacy that it could (its fruit having been once tasted) rescue even sinful man from mortality. These words denote only the cause of his ejection from paradise on account of sin (by which, as by his own fault, he had cut himself off from that life, which was the thing signified). Thus he ought no longer to have any right to its sacrament. God speaks not with reference to the thing itself or its event (as if that tree would actually preserve his life even after sin), but in relation to the preposterous opinion of Adam who could think this, not understanding the true reason of the name that he might not, therefore, endeavor (though vainly) to render void the threatening of God, he is expelled from paradise" (Turretin, 581, see below for bibliographical info.).

11. Francis Turretin, Institutes of Elenctic Theology Volume I (Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R Publishing, 1994 edition), translated by George Musgrave Giger and edited by James T. Dennison, Jr., pp. 584-585.

12. Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Carlisle, PA: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1998 reprint), p. 216.

13. It is important to distinguish between two kinds of impossibility. One is a natural impossibility, another a moral. When I say that the intent of the law cannot be something that is impossible, I am speaking of a natural possibility and not a moral possibility. Briefly, the difference is that to say that the intent of the law is morally impossible to be fulfilled is to say that it can’t result in life simply because nobody wants to obey it. To say that the intent of the was naturally impossible would be to say that even if it were obeyed, its intention of brining life would not actually result in life. It would be irrational for God to give a law that intends something that is naturally impossible but not to give a law intending something that is morally possible.

For example, if God’s law intended to bring life to all who obeyed it but could not actually give life to anyone who obeyed it, its intention would be something that is naturally impossible. It would be naturally impossible because there is no logical way to fulfill the intention, even by meeting the condition. Thus, God would not give a law with such an intention because it would be absurd for a God given entity to have the purpose of doing something that could not logically happen even if the condition was met.

But if his law is intended to result in life upon the condition of obedience and would really grant such life if the condition were met, then the law is not intending something irrational even if no one obeys it because there is at least a logical way of achieving the law’s intention (namely, obedience). The fact that nobody wants to obey it does not change that.

14. For a more in-depth analysis of the evidence for understanding Galatians 3:12 (and its parallel in Romans 10:5) to be speaking of the actual law of God, to be promising life on the basis of obedience to this law, and to be contrasting the way the law would justify and the way faith justifies, see my forthcoming article on Galatians 3:10-14).

15. For a biblical defense of the fact that Adam was our federal head, see my article "Born Guilty."

16. Douglas Moo, The Epistle to the Romans (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), p. 334.