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2021-06-29

 
聖經「預表」的本質
The Nature of Biblical “Types”

作者:Fred G. Zaspel  誠之譯自:
https://credomag.com/2013/07/the-warrant-for-typological-interpretation-of-scripture-fred-zaspel-part-2/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/06/07/the-nature-of-biblical-types/
 
我們上次看到,「預表論」是研究聖經的一種方法,它將舊約聖經中的某些事件、人物和制度理解為對後來在新約聖經中實現的實際情況,在歷史層面和象徵層面上的展望,或預覽、預示。在那篇文章中,我試圖通過調查新約聖經作者(和耶穌)對某些舊約聖經人物、事件和制度的理解,為這種「預表論」的讀經方法建立起合乎聖經的證明,因為它指向或預示了上帝將在我們的主耶穌基督身上和祂的工作中完全成就的工作。
We saw last time that “typology” is that study of Scripture which understands certain Old Testament events, persons, and institutions as historical and yet symbolic anticipations — or previews, prefigurements — of realities later realized in the New Testament. In that post I sought to establish the Biblical warrant for this “typological” approach to Scripture simply by surveying the New Testament writers’ (and Jesus’) understanding of certain Old Testament persons, events, and institutions as pointing forward or prefiguring a work God will fully accomplish in the person and work of our Lord Jesus Christ.
 
在這篇文章中,我將試圖盡可能簡要地確定聖經「預表」(type)的性質。我們都看到了在象徵手法(symbolism)中對預表論的濫用,這些象徵手法似乎只能在傳道人豐富的想像力中找到根基。我們在這裏的問題涉及合法和負責任的預表論,也就是真正符合聖經的預表論。
In this post I will attempt, as briefly as possible, to identify more closely the nature of a Biblical “type.” We have all seen the abuse of typology in symbolism that seems to find its grounding only in the fertile imagination of the preacher. Our question here concerns a legitimate and responsible — that is, a genuinely biblical — typology.
 
有些人退回到所謂「安全」的假設,即唯一真正的「預表」是那些在新約聖經中為我們明確指出的預表。這種假設可能讓基督徒感到很安全,但新約聖經作者的做法——他們當然是從耶穌那裏學到的——似乎表明了一種我們必須學習的思維模式。事實上,大衛·貝克(David Baker)和其他一些人明確地強調了這一點——「預表論與其說是聖經規定的一種按照固定的規則運作的解經方法,不如說是一種思考方式」(黑體字是筆者的強調)。也就是說,新約聖經預表論乃是建立這樣的基礎上:對更宏大的聖經故事及其救贖設計,即我們所說的「救贖歷史」的認識,以及對上帝在基督裏達到頂峰的不斷展開的目的的更宏大的聖經模式與歷史模式的認識。這種理解對於負責任的預表論是至關重要的。
Some have retreated to the “safe” assumption that the only genuine “types” are those explicitly identified for us as such in the New Testament. This assumption may feel safe, but the approach of the New Testament writers, which they of course learned from Jesus, seems to indicate a pattern of thinking that we are to learn. In fact, David Baker and others have pressed this point exactly — that “typology is not so much a prescribed method of interpretation which functions according to fixed rules, so much as it is a way of thinking” (my emphasis). That is, New Testament typology rests on a recognition of the larger biblical story and its redemptive design, of “salvation history” as we call it, and of larger biblical and historical patterns in God’s unfolding purpose that culminates in Christ. This understanding is essential to responsible typology.
 
但我們能不能說得更具體呢在他新出版的《論新約如何使用舊約的手冊》Handbook on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament畢爾Greg Beale提供了一個定義這個定義比較能代表基督教學術界更廣泛的共識
But can we be more specific? In his new Handbook on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament Greg Beale offers a definition that is fairly representative of the wider consensus of Christian scholarship:
 
「預表論是在上帝特殊啟示的歷史框架內,研究關於人物、事件、制度和其他事物等諸般啟示真理之間所具有的類比對應關係;從回溯的角度看,這些真理具有先知預言的性質,其意義也得到了升級。」。
 “the study of analogical correspondences among revealed truths about persons, events, institutions and other things within the historical framework of God’s special revelation, which, from a retrospective view, are of a prophetic nature and are escalated in their meaning.”
 
如此說來,在一個負責任的預表論中,會有:(1) 類比的對應性——一些明顯的連接點或目的的共同性;(2) 歷史性——不是寓言或猶太人的釋經法米大示(midrash)或純粹的想像;(3) 展望——真正的預示和期望,在預表本身中顯明出來的一種「指向未來」的特性;(4) 回顧——回溯和更充分的觀察,「這就是了」;以及(5) 升級——一種強化,其中對範(antitype;即預表的實體)被視為比預表「更大、更美」。
In a responsible typology, then, there is 1) analogical correspondence — some obvious point of connection or commonality of purpose; 2) historicity — not allegory or midrash or pure imagination; 3) anticipation — a genuine foreshadowing and expectation, a “pointing forwardness” that is evident in the type itself; 4) retrospection — a looking back and fuller observation that “this is that”; and 5) escalation — a heightening in which the antitype is seen as “greater and better” than the type.
 
預表論所涉及的困難源自於新約聖經有時是以更加「出人意料」的方式來理解舊約聖經的。例如,馬太如何得知何西阿書十一章1節——「我從埃及召出我的兒子來」——是在預示並「應驗」了嬰兒耶穌與約瑟和馬利亞一起從埃及上來的(太二15)?他怎麼知道拉結的眼淚(耶卅一15)是在伯利恒、在對無辜者的屠殺中得到「應驗」的(太二17-18)?
The difficulty involved in the typology stems from the more “surprising” ways in which the New Testament writers sometimes understand the Old Testament. For example, how did Matthew see that Hosea 11:1 — “Out of Egypt I have called my son” — was anticipatory of and “fulfilled” in the infant Jesus’ ascent from Egypt with Joseph and Mary (Matt. 2:15)? And how did he know that Rachel’s tears (Jer. 31:15) were “fulfilled” in the slaughter of the innocents in Bethlehem (Matt. 2:17-18)?
 
在我們對馬太過於苛刻,判斷他不負責任之前,有一些考慮我們應該牢記在心。首先,我們必須認識到,使徒們確信他們是在按照聖經應該被處理的方式來處理經文。事實上,他們堅持認為他們對舊約聖經的用法應該被證明是有說服力的,而且是確鑿的,就像他們對猶太人所作的護教一樣。此外,我們應該假定,使徒們實際上是在負責任地處理經文。當然,我們的默示教義要求這樣做,而且使徒作為我們教師的很大一部分作用是告訴我們應該如何理解舊約聖經。然而(問題就在這裏),至少有時新約聖經作者似乎比舊約聖經作者本人在某段舊約經文中看到更多的內容。當然,在我們給使徒們的釋經學打「D」的分數之前,我們應該首先努力向他們學習。他們究竟是如何把舊約經文視為對未來的預測的(prospective)?是什麼因素使它們為我們提供了「更完整」的意義(“fuller” meaning)?
Before we are too hard on Matthew and judge him irresponsible, there are some considerations we should bear in mind. First, we must recognize that the apostles were convinced that they were handling Scripture as it ought to be handled. In fact, they insisted that their use of the Old Testament should prove convincing and conclusive, as in their apologetic to the Jews. Moreover, we should assume that the apostles were in fact handling Scripture responsibly. Surely our doctrine of inspiration requires this, and surely a large part of the apostles’ role as our teachers is to show us how to understand the Old Testament. And yet (and here’s the rub) at least sometimes the New Testament writers seem to see more in a given Old Testament passage than the Old Testament writer himself. Certainly, before we give the apostles a “D” in hermeneutics we should first seek to learn from them. How did they see Old Testament passages as prospective? What consideration(s) warranted the “fuller” meaning they give us?
 
誠然,在必要的時候,我願意簡單地訴諸於使徒的默示,然後就撒手不管了。偶爾,新舊約聖經的神聖作者會給新約聖經作者一個「更完整的意義」。但我認為這種情況很少(見穆爾[Doug Moo],「完整意義的問題」[“The Problem of Sensus Plenior”]),而且這不應該是我們首先求助的。只要有可能,我們應該學習使徒的釋經學本身。
Admittedly, when necessary, I am willing simply to appeal to the apostles’ inspiration and let that be that. There may be on occasion a “fuller sense” given the New Testament author by the divine Author of both Testaments. But I think these instances are few (see Doug Moo, “The Problem of Sensus Plenior”), and it should not be our first recourse. When at all possible we should learn the apostolic hermeneutic itself.
 
答案很大一部分是在以下考慮的組合中找到的。首先,使徒們把舊約聖經理解為一本不完整的書,只有在耶穌身上才能達到其高潮——「應驗」(fulfillment)。在這個意義上,舊約聖經作為一個整體是展望性的,也是前瞻性的。更重要的是,他們理解這種期待感是由涵蓋整本聖經的神的諸般應許所形成的——如創三15,創十二和十五章,以及撒下七7——這些應許主導了猶太教和舊約聖經的整個宗教展望。此外,正如我們上次所看到的,他們在舊約聖經本身中觀察到的某些重複的模式,「預測」或預示著上帝在未來將如何行動。看到這種偉大的向前推進的運動,以及所有這些軌跡不可避免地在基督身上達到高潮(參見林後一20),使徒們已經學會(從耶穌本人那裏!)從基督論的角度來思考問題。他們深信舊約聖經是關於耶穌的——無論是就其本身而言還是就耶穌本人的見證而言(約五46;路廿四2744等)——因此他們不能不在全部經文中看見耶穌。
A large part of the answer is found in a mix of the following considerations. First, the apostles understood the Old Testament as an incomplete book that reaches its climax — “fulfillment” — only in Jesus. In this sense the Old Testament as a whole was anticipatory and prospective. More importantly, they understood this sense of expectation as shaped by over-arching divine promises — such as Genesis 3:15, Genesis 12 and 15, and 2 Samuel 7 — that dominated the whole religious outlook of Judaism and the Old Testament. Further, as we saw last time, they observed in the Old Testament itself certain repeated patterns that “predict” or prefigure how God will act in the future. And seeing this great forward-movement and all these trajectories that inevitably culminate in Christ (cf. 2 Cor. 1:20), the apostles had learned — from Jesus himself! — to think Christologically. They were so deeply convinced that the Old Testament was about Jesus — both on its own terms and on the testimony of Jesus himself (John 5:46; Luke 24:27, 44, etc.) — that they could not fail to see him throughout the text.
 
然而,這不僅僅是狂熱的想像力在起作用而已。預表論可能是「一種思維方式」,但它不止於此。它是一種有原則的思考方式。它是在追溯(回顧性的),但它在追溯的同時,也留意到耶穌帶來了舊約聖經中實際展望的東西(前瞻性的)。
And yet it was not simply zealous imaginations at work. Typology may be “a way of thinking,” but it is more than that. It is a principled way of thinking. It is looking back (retrospective), but it is also looking back and noticing that Jesus brings about what was actually anticipated in the Old Testament (prospective).
 
因此,比如說,何西阿宣告了以色列未來的復興。以色列的罪和叛逆不會是他們最終的結局。將來還會有被擄,但也會有歸回。所有這些都是用埃及、曠野和出埃及的方式描述的。將會有一個新的埃及和一個新的悖逆的曠野經歷,但也會有新的出埃及。再加上以色列是上帝的「兒子」這一事實——又是一個基督論的主題——不久之後,你就必須把所有的點聯繫起來,看到一個促使你找到耶穌的模式。在這一切當中,馬太對何西阿十一章1節的看法(二15)就似乎並不那麼遙不可及了。可以肯定的是,馬太是在用耶穌形狀的鏡片「回頭看(回溯)」。但何西阿書中也有「向前看(展望)」的內容。
So for example, Hosea proclaims Israel’s future restoration. Israel’s sin and rebellion will not be their final end. There will be exile again, but there will be restoration also. And all this is described in terms of Egypt, wilderness, and exodus. There will be a new Egypt and a new wilderness experience for rebellion, and yet a new exodus also. Add to this the fact that Israel is God’s “son” — yet another Christological theme — and it isn’t long before you have to connect all the dots and see a pattern that drives you to Jesus. Within all this, Matthew’s take (2:15) on Hosea 11:1 does not seem such a long reach after all. Matthew is “looking back” with Jesus-shaped lenses, to be sure. But there is in Hosea a “looking ahead” also.
 
另一個例子是我們知道申命記十八章15節起直接提到了耶穌是一個「新摩西」。所以約書亞也被當作一個新的摩西。那麼把約書亞也看作是耶穌的「預表」似乎也只是一小步而已參看太一21。約書亞也是在基督身上達到頂峰的模式的一部分。
As another example, we know that Deuteronomy 18:15ff speaks directly of Jesus as a “new Moses.” So also Joshua is treated as a new Moses. It would seem but a small step, then, to see Joshua also as a “type” of Jesus (cf. Matt. 1:21). He also is part of that pattern that culminates in Christ.
 
創世記第九章的經文將挪亞描繪為一種新的亞當,將正在出現的新世界描繪為是一個新的伊甸園,等等。對亞當的命令(創一28)在關於挪亞、亞伯拉罕、以撒和雅各的敍事中都得到了呼應。但是,他們當然像亞當一樣都失敗了。然而,創世記一章28節的回聲繼續在整本舊約聖經中被我們聽見,然後到了在這一切當中的某個時刻,我們不得不認為這種模式是對一個永遠不會失敗的新亞當的期盼和展望。
The text of Genesis 9 famously presents Noah as a kind of new Adam, the emerging new world as a new Eden, and so on. And the commands to Adam (Gen. 1:28) are echoed in the narratives about Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. But of course like Adam all failed. Yet the echoes of Genesis 1:28 continue to be heard throughout the Old Testament, and at some point in it all we have to think that this pattern is anticipatory and prospective of a New Adam who will not fail.
 
因此,在學習舊約聖經中會幕和聖殿的細節時,我們開始注意到與伊甸園的相似之處,然後在先知書中再次注意到一個即將到來的新聖殿。這種模式似乎是明確無誤的,它建立了一個只有在耶穌身上才能實現的期望。當然,這有回顧的方面,但也有展望的方面。
So also, when learning the details of the Old Testament Tabernacle and Temple, at some point we begin to notice similarities with Eden, and then again in the Prophets of a new Temple to come. The pattern seems unmistakable, and it establishes an expectation that can be realized only in Jesus. There is a retrospective aspect, of course, but a prospective one also.
 
或者說,從我們的角度回望過去,在希伯來書九~十章中,作者反思了舊約信徒年復一年地遵守獻祭。在某些時候,有思想的人不得不問到:「如果這些獻祭必須不斷重複,那麼它們究竟有什麼價值呢?」這就是說,獻祭系統本身有一些東西是前瞻性的,從它本身指向更偉大的東西,但尚未實現。
Or, looking back from our standpoint, in Hebrews 9-10 the author reflects on the Old Testament believer observing the sacrifices year after year. At some point the thinking person has to ask, “Of what value are these sacrifices if they have to be repeated?” That is to say, there is something in the sacrificial system itself that is prospective, pointing away from itself to something greater but not yet realized.
 
還可以繼續往下說,但我想說的是,當使徒們在舊約聖經中「看見」耶穌時,這不僅僅是一種過於狂熱的想像力在起作用,而是一種深刻的信念,即舊約聖經歷史有意在耶穌身上達到高潮,這種展望的感覺是建立在其結構和敍事中的。
This could go on, but my point here is simply that when the apostles “saw” Jesus in the Old Testament, it was not merely an overly zealous imagination at work but a deep conviction that Old Testament history intentionally culminates in Jesus and that this sense of anticipation is built in to its structure and narrative.
 
所有這些都有助於我們確定負責任的預表論的性質。它是一種思維方式,但它不是純粹的想像力。它是一種由思想結構和模式引導的思維,幾個世紀以來,這些結構和模式一直在建立和「充實」(可一15),直到在主耶穌基督裏達到豐滿(加四4)(參看西二16-17)。
And all this helps us to identify the nature of responsible typology. It is a way of thinking, but it is not purely imaginative. It is a thinking guided by the structures and patterns of thought that have for centuries been building and “filling up” (Mk. 1:15) until the fulness (Gal. 4:4) is reached in the Lord Jesus Christ (cf. Col. 2:16-17).
 
普林斯頓神學院舊約弗里奇Charles Fritsch對此做了很好的總結
Charles Fritsch summarizes it well:
 
「因此預表論不在於收集新舊約聖經之間所有的相似之處而是在於理解潛在的救贖和啟示的過程這過程是從舊約聖經開始的而在新約聖經中得到了應驗」。[1]
 “Thus typology is not a matter of collecting all of the resemblances between the Old and New Testaments, but rather of understanding the underlying redemptive and revelational process which begins in the Old Testament and finds its fulfillment in the New.”
 
卡森Don Carson也寫了類似的話
Don Carson writes similarly:
 
新約聖經作者堅持認為只有當完整的啟示在歷史上展開時舊約聖經才能正確地得到解釋例如加三6-14。從釋經學的角度來看,這不是一種創新。舊約聖經作者們已經從早期的救贖歷史中汲取教訓,這些教訓在那段歷史中很難[完全]察覺,但回頭來看就會明白(例如,詩篇七十八篇中的亞薩;參見馬太福音十三35)。舊約聖經的盼望在耶穌基督身上得到應驗時,馬太也是這樣解經的。因此,我們可以合法地談論一個「更完整的意義」(fuller meaning),這不是任何一個文本所能完全提供的。但我們所訴諸的,不是一些隱藏的神的知識,而是到那時為止的啟示模式——一個尚未充分被辨識出來的模式。因此,新的啟示可能真的是新的,但同時又能與舊的啟示進行對照。
The NT writers insist that the OT can be rightly interpreted only if the entire revelation is kept in perspective as it is historically unfolded (e.g., Gal. 3:6-14). Hermeneutically this is not an innovation. OT writers drew lessons out of earlier salvation history, lessons difficult to [completely] perceive while that history was being lived, but lessons that retrospect would clarify (e.g., Asaph in Ps. 78; cf. on Matt 13:35). Matthew does the same in the context of the fulfillment of OT hopes in Jesus Christ. We may therefore legitimately speak of a “fuller meaning” than any one text provides. But the appeal should be made, not to some hidden divine knowledge, but to the pattern of revelation up to that time – a pattern not yet adequately discerned. The new revelation may therefore be truly new, yet at the same time capable of being checked against the old.
 
因此,預表論是一種藝術,也是一種科學。它是「一種思考方式」。但它並不缺乏解經學或釋經學的控制,正如 「預期的」要素(“prospective” element)所確保的那樣。
Typology, then, is something of an art as well as a science. It is “a way of thinking.” But it is not without exegetical or hermeneutical control, as the “prospective” element ensures.
 
1: http://www.bible-researcher.com/fritsch.html

2021-05-18

 

什麼是預表法(Typology
Jean Daniélou: The Realities of the Old Testament are Figures of Those of the New

作者Jean Danielou 誠之編譯自
http://enlargingtheheart.wordpress.com/2014/05/07/jean-danielou-the-realities-of-the-old-testament-are-figures-of-those-of-the-new/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/16/typology-jean-danielou/
 
誠之按:聖經神學是解釋聖經的一種吩咐,其中的一個重要原則是「預表法」(Typology)。
 
法國耶穌會樞機主教Jean Danielou所著的Bible and the Liturgy,對預表法作了精簡而精彩的介紹。試譯如下:
 
「聖經神學的原則之一是:舊約的事實是新約事實的影像(The Realities of the Old Testament are Figures of Those of the New)。研究兩約相似性的學科,就被稱為『預表法』(typology)。在此,我們要提醒自己,預表法的基礎在舊約聖經本身就可以找到。
 
在被擄時期,眾先知向以色列民宣告,上帝為了他們的福祉,要在未來施行一些作為,而這些作為會類似於祂過去的行動,但只會更宏偉。所以會有一個新的洪水,這個罪惡的世界會被徹底除滅;有一些人,即一群『餘民』,會被保存下來,成為『新人類』(a new humanity);會有一個新的『出埃及』,在這個新的出埃及中,上帝會以祂的權能,拯救他們脫離偶像崇拜;也會有一個新伊甸園,上帝會把祂救贖的百姓帶進到那裡。
 
這些先知預言構成了基本的預表法,這個預表法可以稱為末世的預表法,因為先知看明,這些未來的事件會發生在末後的日子裏。因此,新約並沒有發明預表法,只是表明,舊約的預表已經在拿撒勒人耶穌的身上得著了應驗。」
 
事實上,在耶穌那裏,這些末日的事件,即時間滿足時要出現的事件,現在已經完成了。
 
祂是新亞當,隨著祂,未來天堂的時間已經開啟了。在祂身上,對罪惡世界的毀滅已經實現了,洪水就是其中的象徵。真正的出埃及在祂身上已經完成了,把上帝的子民從魔鬼的暴政中拯救出來。
 
在使徒們的講道中,預表法被用來作為論證,以確立他們信息的真理,通過表明基督接續且超越了舊約聖經:「他們遭遇這些事,都要作為鑑戒;並且寫在經上,正是警戒我們這末世的人。」(林前十11)。這就是聖保羅所說的「聖經這的安慰(consolatio Scripturarum)」(羅十五4)。
 
但這些末世的時代不僅是耶穌生活的時代,也是教會的時代。因此,舊約聖經的末世預表不僅在基督身上完成了,而且也在教會身上完成了。
 
因此,除了基督論的預表法之外,還存在著一種聖禮性的預表,我們在新約聖經中就可以找到它。約翰福音告訴我們,嗎哪是聖體的一個影象;保羅給哥林多教會的第一封書信說,過紅海是洗禮的一個影象;彼得的第一封書信說,洪水也是洗禮的一個影象。
 
總結:過去的事件構成了未來的盼望。所盼望的是上帝會再次施行祂過去的作為,而且絲毫不打折扣,而這些盼望已經在耶穌身上實現了。
 
從此,除了Tolle Lege(拿起來讀)之外,就沒什麼好做了。
 
 
That the realities of the Old Testament are figures of those of the New is one of the principles of  biblical theology.
 
This science of the similitudes between the two Testaments is called typology.
 
And here we would do well to remind ourselves of its foundation, for this is to be found in the Old Testament itself.
 
At the time of the Captivity, the prophets announced to the people of Israel that in the future God would perform for their benefit deeds analogous to, and even greater than those He had performed in the past.
 
So there would be a new Deluge, in which the sinful world would be annihilated, and a few men, a “remnant,” would be preserved to inaugurate a new humanity;
 
there would be a new Exodus in which, by His power, God would set mankind free from its bondage to idols; there would be a new Paradise into which God would introduce the people He had redeemed.
 
These prophecies constitute a primary typology that might be called eschatological, for the prophets saw these future events as happening at the end of time.
 
The New Testament, therefore, did not invent typology, but simply showed that it was fulfilled in the person of Jesus of Nazareth. With Jesus, in fact, these events of the end, of the fullness of time, are now accomplished.
 
He is the New Adam with whom the time of the Paradise of the future has begun. In Him is already realized that destruction of the sinful world of which the Flood was the figure. In Him is accomplished the true Exodus which delivers the people of God from the tyranny of the demon.
 
Typology was used in the preaching of the apostles as an argument to establish the truth of their message, by showing that Christ continues and goes beyond the Old Testament: “Now all these things happened to them as a type and, they were written for our correction” (I Cor. 10, 11). This is what St. Paul calls the consolatio Scripturarum (Rom. 15, 4).
 
But these eschatological times are not only those of the life of Jesus, but of the Church as well. Consequently, the eschatological typology of the Old Testament is accomplished not only in the person of Christ, but also in the Church.
 
Besides Christological typology, therefore, there exists a sacramental typology, and we find it in the New Testament. The Gospel of St. John shows us that the manna was a figure of the Eucharist; the first Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians that the crossing of the Red Sea was a figure of Baptism; the first Epistle of St. Peter that the Flood was also a figure of Baptism.
 
Jean Daniélou, S.J. (1905 – 1974):  The Bible and the Liturgy, Liturgical Studies, 3 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1956), pp. 1-2.
 

 

救贖歷史預表論
Redemptive-Historical Typology

誠之摘譯自:Dennis Johnson, Him We Proclaim, pp. 234237
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/09/redemptive-historical-typology/
 


為舊約的事件、職分、制度(簡稱OTEOIOld Testament Events, Office, and Institutions)披上了屬靈的意義,作為祂扭轉罪及其果效的悠久歷史工程的最核心步驟……這些OTEOI所指向的,乃是超越了它們自身,而象徵那全面的、末世性的救恩,這是神賦予歷史的目的,而且這個目的已經藉著基督,在祂第一次降臨時被展開了,並且會在祂第二次降臨時得到完滿成全。
 
為了明白任何一個OTEOI如何能宣講基督,並在祂裏面找到其應驗,我們首先必須按照它自己在救贖歷史中的地位,以領會其象徵性的深度(從E T1),其次,我們必須考慮OTEOI原始的象徵深度(以影子形式所指向的救贖層面)如何在基督裏找到其最終和完整的應驗(from T1 to Tn)。最後,我們必須辨識並闡釋此信息如何應用在我們自己和我們聽眾的身上。使徒宣講基督是上帝一切應許的應驗,使這個好消息可以在個人紀律、家庭生活、教會生活、職場上的公眾生活——以及有必要的話,在一個囚徒,如保羅身上,提供豐富的指南。(參見Dennis Johnson, Him We Proclaim, pp. 234237
 

 

什麼是預表法(Typology)?
What is Typology?

誠之輯錄
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/09/what-is-typology/
 
以下是一些答案(誠之譯自:https://jeffwencel.blogspot.com/2012/08/what-is-typology.html):
 
1. 巴刻簡明扼要地給了我們標準的定義:
 
預表法……查究舊約聖經中在基督裏[得到]最終應驗的上帝的行動、代理(agency)和指示的模式。 [1] J. I. Packer, From the Forward of The Unfolding Mystery: Discovering Christ in the Old Testament (Phillipsburg: P&R, 1988), 8。中譯可參見《揭開奧秘》,第5頁;筆者另譯。)
 
2. Peter J. Leithart用他自己的方式說到:
 
「預表法(Typology)」是個很有分量的詞. . . . . .我用這個詞不僅是為了強調舊約指向基督的原則,也是為了描述舊約本身的結構。舊約是由一種「帶著差異的重複」(repetition with difference)的節奏組成的,這種節奏是新約預表法的一個縮影。大衛是耶穌的「預表」,但他也是亞當的「對範」(antitype)。當我說到對舊約的「預表法」理解時,我是進一步呼籲大家注意聖經用來傳達信息的文學手段。這些「預表法」的意義在於,它們是《聖經》呈現歷史節奏的手段,也是《舊約》特別指向基督的手段。…… [2]Peter Leithart, A House for My Name: A Survey of the Old Testament (Moscow: Canon Press, 2000, 27-28
 
3. D. L. Baker也許說得最有幫助:
 
作為預表法基礎的基本信念是,上帝在這個世界的歷史中(別是在祂選民的歷史中)始終如一地活躍著,因此,這段歷史中的事件往往遵循一種前後一致的模式。因此,一個事件可以被挑選出來,作為另一個或許多其他事件的典型(be chosen as typical of another or of many others.)。預表是指聖經中的事件、人物或制度,作為其他事件、人物或制度的榜樣或模式;預表法是研究預表以及預表所對應的實體,它們在歷史和神學上的對應關係;預表法的基礎是上帝在祂所揀選的子民的歷史中連貫一致的作為[3]Quoted in Robin Routledge, Old Testament Theology: A Thematic Approach (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2008), 45.
 
以下是我的補充:
 
4. David Murphy 在一篇文章中說到:
 
「預表是指上帝在救贖歷史裏所命定的真實人物、地點、物件或事件,作為基督的位格和工作(或與之對立的)的預告模式或相似物。」A type is a real person, place, object, or event that God ordained to act as a predictive pattern or resemblance of Christs person and work (or of opposition to it). [4]David Murphy, Whats the difference between typology and allegory?”
 
5. G. K. Beale在他論述新約如何引用舊約的書中提到
 
「預表論是在上帝特殊啟示的歷史框架內研究關於人物、事件、制度和其他事物等諸般啟示真理之間所具有的類比對應關係從回溯的角度看這些真理具有先知預言的性質其意義也得到了升級。」the study of analogical correspondences among revealed truths about persons, events, institutions, and other things within the historical framework of Gods special revelation, which, from a retrospective view, are of a prophetic nature and are escalated in their meaning” (pg. 14).  [5](Handbook on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament: Exegesis and Interpretation, G. K. Beale, p.14)
 
根據以上定義,一個「預表」(type)具有下列五項特徵
 
Analogical correspondence:新舊真理之間會有類比的對應關係
Historicity:歷史真實性(是歷史上真正發生過的事)
A pointing-forwardness:前瞻性,會指向未來
Escalation:意義的擴大與升級
Retrospection:事後回溯,要從基督十架的歷史角度來回顧舊約的真理
新舊約有類比對應關係的真理,在舊約的部分稱為「預表」(type;或譯為表型,表記,象徵),而在新約的部分稱為「對範」(antitype;或譯為原型,實體,真象。)
 
例如:約翰福音十九章36節,把逾越節羊羔的骨頭一根也不可折斷的規定,視為指向那更重大的事實,即耶穌在十字架上的骨頭一根也沒有被打斷(就其預言性的細微差別而言,請注意經文的用語:「為要應驗經上所說的」)。至於「事後回顧」,則是說基督復活後,身為使徒的作者,在聖靈引導下,明白舊約歷史中所描述的人物、事件、制度,是在間接預言基督或教會。至於如何理解回顧的觀點,有必要略微澄清。最近陸續有研究發現,被新約看為預表的舊約經文,有證據顯示,舊約敘事的本身都具有預示(foreshadowing)的性質,因此要在基督降臨後,才能得到更好的理解。
 
在界定了聖經預表法之後,他針對「升級」和「回溯」提出了兩點有益的澄清。
 
Beale指出:「所謂『升級』是指對範(antitype,舊約的預表在新約裏的對應)相對於舊約的預表在某種程度上得到了強調。例如,約翰福音十九章36節將逾越節羔羊的骨頭在舊約時代不折斷的要求視為指向耶穌在受難時不折斷骨頭的更大現實…… 」此外,「…… 『升級』是指神從天上提供字面意義的嗎哪以獲得身體上的供養,與從天上提供基督的嗎哪以獲得屬靈上的供養,有一種對應關係。」 在澄清「回溯」時,Beale說:「所謂『回溯』是指這樣一種觀點,即在基督復活之後,使徒們才在聖靈的指示下,把舊約某些關於人物、事件或制度的歷史敍事理解為對基督或教會的間接預言。」[請閱讀Beale引用的關於聖經預表法的「回溯」特徵的限定條件。]
 
6. 著名的新約學者 R. T. France說到:
 
「 預表法就是承認舊約和新約之間是互相呼應的,其基礎是相信上帝作工的原則從不改變。 」[6] R. T. France ,The Gospel According to Matthew
 
預表的運用是基於相信上帝的行事方式,在歷史中是始終不變的。因此,新約作者有時候會從舊約作者的角度,來解釋新約彌賽亞世代的現象。換言之,他們相信上帝昔日對以色列(或在舊約中的其他任務)的許多作為,其實是「預表」祂現在藉著基督所進行的工作。例如,彼得提到「拯救」挪亞一家的水,就是現今拯救基督徒的洗禮的預表(彼前三20-21)。這不一定暗示舊約作者的原意其實是有預表的預言性質,讓後來的新約作者發掘出來。
 
預表法主要是較後期作者所使用的技巧,以「發掘」以前的聖經中有哪些事件與上帝現今的作為相似。他們所作的,並非「不受約束」地對舊約的讀者—回應解讀;他們所發現的,吻合他們認為是上帝的典型做工模式。
 
R. T. France 論預表論
 
釋經者常說到《舊約》經文中有一種「更完整的意義」(sensus plenior),是新約作者所能夠覺察到的。或許這並不是最好的說法。這種新的意義並不是舊約經文本身所固有的東西,以至於任何客觀的注釋,無論是猶太人還是基督徒,都應該可以正確地感知到它。毋寧說,它是一種在新層面上的關聯,超越了舊約作者和原來讀者所能察覺到的,現在是根據《新約》事件,通過回溯性的反思(retrospective reflection)所發現的。預表論與其說是取決於對原始意義的註解,不如說是取決於一種神學上的後見之明,這種後見之明是對此信念的承諾,即基督是上帝救贖工作的高峰。它是由信心而不是由客觀的文學分析所產生的。[7] Relationship between the Testaments, Dictionary for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture, (Baker, 2005), 669.
 
7. James, M. Hamilton Jr.
 
「聖經的預表論biblical typology有兩個關鍵的特色歷史對應性historical correspondence和升級escalation
 
歷史對應性的意思是:在救贖歷史上出現的人物、事件或制度,有相對應的關係,例如,挪亞和摩西都是藉著水而得救,而其他人則被水淹沒。
 
升級的意思是,最初的例子(我們可以稱之為原型archetype)經過幾次按照同一種模式的「意義分期增值(installments)」後,原型的意義得到了強固,像是在爬山,力道越來越強,直到在最終的表達上找到其應驗,而其意義在這個從原型到應驗的過程中也逐步地增強。」[8] (誠之譯自:James, M. Hamilton Jr., What is Biblical Theology, Crossway, 2014, p.77
 
總結(誠之):
 
預表論(typology)是研究上帝以祂的主權在人類歷史工作中所定旨的、重覆發生的一些模式(上帝用這些模式來成就祂的旨意)。在啟示的漸進過程中,早先的歷史情境(人物、事件,制度),被視為一種模式(預表-type),與後來發生在耶穌的一生和祂事工中的歷史情境,有非常緊密的對應關係。後來的歷史情境,以一種清楚、可辨識的、逐步升級/強化的方式,重覆(應驗)了先前的模式(預表)。因此,「預表」(type)就是不斷重覆的模式之最早事例,上帝要在未來的啟示中,用這個先前的事例來說明祂未來的工作。而「對範」(antitype——預表所對應的實體),則是上帝使祂先前之作為的模式不斷地升級,然後在耶穌的位格和工作中再次出現(也就是先前預表的頂峰)。這預表所對應的實體是要彰顯上帝的榮耀,將額外的意義添加在先前的預表上,好叫上帝的百姓能更深刻地領悟上帝在歷史中的主權旨意。
 
補充
 
《基督教釋經學》(William W. Klein, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation;我手頭的是上海人民出版社,2011出版)這本書也提到「預表解經法」(typological interpretation),認為這個方法是使徒們常用的一種解經法,是為了找出舊約預言基督和教會工作的經文。「預表解經法」是指,在舊約出現的事情、對象和觀念中,找到上帝所默示的預表(即模式或象徵),預言上帝在未來歷史中的作為。它的假設是先前的事情/對象/觀念,將會在以後重覆出現(英文原書第33頁)。
 
另一段也提到預表法(中文版182-183頁),摘錄如下:
 
預表(typology)可能是最適合用來理解新約作者引用舊約經文的一般方式。弗蘭斯(R.T. France)對預表提出了一個明確的定義:「承認舊約和新約之間是互相呼應的,基於相信神作工的原則從不改變」。……預表的運用是基於相信神的行事方式,在歷史中始終不變,因此,新約作者有時會從舊約作者的角度,來解釋新的彌賽亞時代的現象。換言之,他們相信神昔日對以色列人的許多作為,其實是「預示」祂現在藉著基督所進行的工作。例如,彼得提到「拯救」挪亞一家的水,就是現今拯救基督徒的洗禮的預表(彼前三20-21)。這不一定暗示舊約作者的原意其實有預表的預言性質,要讓後來的新約作者發掘出來。預表法主要是較後期作者所用的技巧,「發掘」以前的聖經中有哪些事件與上帝現今的作為相似……。
 
穆爾(Douglas Moo)合理地把預表的主題,放在「應許—應驗」這個更大的範疇裏去理解兩約之間的關係。因此,他認為:「新約的人物、事件和架構有時是以一個更深入或更頂峰的層次(原本的真實情況)去『填滿』(fill up)舊約的人物、事件和架構。」若這是正確的話,那麼舊約作者未必(即使有這機會)意識到他們所寫的信息有預表的意義。同時,新約作者認為,神願意讓祂在以色列人當中的作為,有一天將會在基督裡、在教會中成為某種類比或應驗。從人的角度來說,這些有預表性質的舊約經文只有一重意思,即作者原來想傳達的意思。不過,神也在作工,而且祂在過去的作為中,提供了一個背景,讓後來的作者明白祂在百姓中間工作的種種模式。

 

預表法與寓意法
Typology Versus Allegory

誠之譯自
https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/typology-versus-allegory/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/07/typology-versus-allegory/
 
這夏甲二字是指著亞拉伯的西乃山,與現在的耶路撒冷同類,因耶路撒冷和她的兒女都是為奴的。但那在上的耶路撒冷是自主的,她是我們的母。(第25-26節)——加四25-27
“Hagar…she corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery with her children. But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother” (vv. 25–26)  - Galatians 4:25–27
 
我們應該拒絕對經文的寓意解釋(Allegorical interpretation),因為它最終剝奪了經文的所有意義。由於寓意義的意思可以與上下文所允許的大相徑庭,所以完全無法評估各種不同的詮釋可能。一段經文可以有任何含義,而如果它包含了所有的含義,那它就什麼都不是,而且只要人認為合適,可以隨意地加以誤用。
Allegorical interpretation of Scripture is to be rejected because it ultimately strips the text of all meaning. Since allegories can mean something wholly different than what the context allows, there is no way to evaluate different interpretive possibilities. The passage can mean anything, and if it can mean anything, it means nothing and can be misused however one sees fit.
 
保羅在《加拉太書》四章21-31節中用同一個希臘詞來描述他的釋經工作,我們從這個詞中得到了英文術語「寓言」(allegory 24節),但他並不接受怪誕的寓意解經。相反,他使用的是預表論的釋經法,約翰·加爾文寫道,這種方法與原文的「真實和字面意思」是一致的。預表法是基於神在整個救贖歷史中以反復出現的模式來工作的事實,並說明過去的事件或人物可以預設或作為未來人物或事件的一個「預表」(type;可譯為典型,或模式)。在「對範」(antitype;按:即預表所對應的本體)中,未來的人物或事件更充分地表達了之前出現的真理。例如,考慮一下出埃及與耶穌工作的關係。上帝把祂的百姓從埃及的奴役中拯救出來,預表性地說明了祂在基督裏完成了更大的救贖,從罪和死亡的奴役中拯救出來。後一項工作與第一項工作的意義是完全一致的——在這兩個例子中,全能的神自己拯救了一個無助的民族。但祂的工作也有了更全面的意義,因為雖然人的身體可以回到奴役的狀態,但聖子所釋放的人確實是自由的,永遠不會再被邪惡所奴役(約八36)。
Paul describes his interpretive work in Galatians 4:21–31 with the same Greek word from which we get the English term allegory (v. 24), but he does not embrace fanciful allegories. Instead, he uses typological interpretation, which, John Calvin writes, is consistent with “the true and literal meaning” of the original text. Typology is based on the fact that God works in recurring patterns throughout history and says that a past event or person can prefigure or serve as a type of a future person or event. In the antitype, a future person or event more fully expresses the truth of what came before. For example, consider the relation of the exodus to the work of Jesus. God’s rescue of His people from Egyptian bondage typifies the greater salvation from slavery to sin and death He accomplished in Christ. The latter work is consistent with the meaning of the first — in both instances the Almighty Himself rescues a helpless people. But His work also has a fuller meaning, for while people can return to physical slavery, he whom the Son sets free is free indeed, never to be enslaved to evil again (John 8:36).
 
預表法的詮釋可能會產生一些問題,因為太多人把他們所做的詮釋稱為預表法,而他們真正採用的卻是寓意解經。因此,一般來說,堅持聖經中明確揭示的預表是明智的。
Typological interpretation can be problematic because too many people call what they are doing typology when they are really employing allegory. Thus, it is generally wise to stick to the typologies explicitly revealed in Scripture.
 
我們怎麼知道保羅對創世記的解讀是一種預表,而不是寓意呢?請記住,加拉太書針對的是那些試圖通過自己的努力獲得救贖應許的人,這些努力使人被罪奴役(加三10-14)。這正是亞伯拉罕和使女夏甲所做的,當們一起「幫助神」,試圖生出應許的後嗣時(創十六1-6)。保羅用夏甲來代表那些試圖用自己的行為來證明自己的人,這與創世記的記載是完全一致的。
How do we know that Paul’s reading of the Genesis account is a typology, not an allegory? Remember that Galatians addresses those who attempt to gain the promise of salvation through their own efforts, efforts that enslave people to sin (Gal. 3:10–14). This is precisely what Abraham and the slave-woman Hagar did when they came together to “help God along” and tried to produce the promised heir (Gen. 16:1–6). Paul’s use of Hagar to represent those who try to justify themselves by their deeds is fully harmonious with the Genesis account.
 
Coram Deo 在神的面光中
 
約翰-加爾文評論說:「聖經的真正意義是自然而明顯的意義;讓我們堅決地擁抱和遵守它。讓我們不僅要把可疑的忽略掉,而且要大膽地把那些假冒的闡釋當作致命的敗壞,使我們偏離了經文的自然意義。」你是否致力於研究聖經的原始語境?你使用或需要獲得哪些工具來幫助你理解聖經的樸素真理呢?
John Calvin comments, “The true meaning of Scripture is the natural and obvious meaning; and let us embrace and abide by it resolutely. Let us not only neglect as doubtful, but boldly set aside as deadly corruptions, those pretended expositions, which lead us astray from the natural meaning.” Are you committed to the study of Scripture in its original context? What tools do you use or need to acquire to help you understand the plain truths of the Bible?
 
進深經文
尼希米記八1-8
詩篇十九7-11
徒八26-40
彼得後書三14-18
Passages for Further Study
Nehemiah 8:1–8
Psalm 19:7–11
Acts 8:26–40
2 Peter 3:14–18
 

 

預表和寓意有何不同
What’s the difference between typology and allegory?

作者David Murrhy  誠之譯自
http://headhearthand.org/blog/2012/06/22/pocket-theology-1-whats-the-difference-between-typology-and-allegory/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/07/the-difference-between-typology-and-allegory/
 
預表(type)是基督的位格和工作的一幅預言性的圖畫。它是真實的人物、地點、物件、事件,等等,是上帝所定旨,要作為基督的位格或工作的一個預言模式或相似品(或相反的例子)。但是預表和寓言(allegory)或類比(analogy)有何不同呢?以下是快速的初步介紹:
A type is a prophetic picture of Christ’s person and work. It is a real person, place, object, event, etc., which God ordained to act as a predictive pattern or resemblance of Christ’s person and work (or of opposition to it). But how does a type differ from allegory or analogy? Here’s a quick primer:
 
寓言寓意有三個主要特徵
它是一個故事、物件、人物、或事件
這個故事、物件等等不一定是真實的也未必是事實
它含有比一般在閱讀這些字句時會讀出來的,更深刻而不同的真理。
An allegory has three main characteristics:
It is a story, an object, a person, or an event.
The story, object, etc., need not be true, real, or factual.
It has a deeper and different truth than the ordinary reading of the words would suggest.
 
例子:聖經中的寓言非常少。不過,有幾個個別的例子。在士師記九章7-21節,約坦用了一個樹木和眾樹叢的寓言,來教導他的聽眾,如何看待亞比米勒的王權。他所說的故事不是真的。樹木和眾樹叢不會彼此交談,也不會彼此下拜。這個故事有其他的深意,不只是會說話的樹而已,而是和真正的王權本質有關。這是個典型的寓言。
Example: Allegory is extremely rare in Scripture. However, there are a few isolated examples. In Judges 9:7-21 Jotham used an allegory about trees and bushes to teach his hearers how to view Abimelech’s kingship. The story he told was not true. Trees and bushes did not talk to one another nor bow down to one another. The story was about a much deeper truth than just talking trees. It was about the nature of true kingship. This is a classic allegory.
預表有四個主要特徵:
 
這是個故事、物件、人物或事件。
這個故事、人物,等等,是真實的,而且是事實。
同樣的真理可以在預表和實體(即預表的應驗)中找到。
同樣的真理會在實體中得到放大、強調、並得到澄清。
A type has four main characteristics:
It is a story, an object, a person, or an event.
The story, object, etc., is true, real, and factual.
The same truth is found in both the type and the antitype (the fulfillment of the type).
The same truth is enlarged, heightened, and clarified in the antitype.
 
例子:逾越節的羔羊是基督的預表。它是真實的。代替性獻祭,以及靠流血得救贖的真理,在預表和預表的實體中都可以看到。而且,這些真理在對應的實體中得到放大、強調,並得到澄清。預表所對應的實體是神而人者,不只是一隻羔羊;祂拯救人脫離屬靈和永恆的枷鎖,不只是物質和暫時的枷鎖。
Example: The Passover lamb is a type of Christ. It was real. The truths of substitutionary sacrifice and redemption by blood are found in both the type and the antitype. And, these truths are enlarged, heightened, and clarified in the antitype. The antitype is the God-man – not just a lamb; and He redeems from spiritual and eternal bondage – not just physical and temporary bondage.

預表|專題學習


預表|專題學習
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/blog-post.html
 
什麼是預表法(Typology)?
What is Typology?
誠之輯錄
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/09/what-is-typology/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/typology-what-is-typology-
 
預表論 typology
https://www.facebook.com/rtfpress.chinese/posts/324384510954357
https://plus.google.com/u/2/105106813742373627205/posts/dcKwM3T1VQ3
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2017/01/typology-httpswww.html
 
什麼是預表法(Typology
Jean Daniélou: The Realities of the Old Testament are Figures of Those of the New
作者:Jean Danielou 誠之編譯自:
http://enlargingtheheart.wordpress.com/2014/05/07/jean-danielou-the-realities-of-the-old-testament-are-figures-of-those-of-the-new/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/16/typology-jean-danielou/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/typology-jeandanielou-realities-of-old.html
 
預表(type)與對範(antitype,預表的實體)的關係
摘自〈從舊約宣講基督〉Preaching Christ from the OT
作者:Sinclair Ferguson 譯者/校對者:Maria Marta/誠之
http://www.proctrust.org.uk/proclaimer/author/sinclair-ferguson/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2017/01/type-antitype-preaching-christ-from-ot.html
 
預表論(TYPOLOGY
摘自圣经新辞典
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/07/typology/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2017/01/typology-typos-httppeddrluo.html
 
預表;預表釋經法(Type,Typology
摘自《證主聖經神學辭典》
https://www.crca.com.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1113
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2020/06/typetypology-httpswww.html
 
預表法的倍加
Doubling Up on Typology
作者:Barry York誠之譯自:
https://gentlereformation.com/2021/03/01/double-typology/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/03/barry-york/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/03/doublingup-on-typology-barry-york.html
 
預表和寓意有何不同?
What’s the difference between typology and allegory?
作者:David Murrhy  誠之譯自:
http://headhearthand.org/blog/2012/06/22/pocket-theology-1-whats-the-difference-between-typology-and-allegory/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/07/the-difference-between-typology-and-allegory/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/whatsthe-difference-between-typology.html
 
預表法與寓意法
Typology Versus Allegory
誠之譯自:
https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/typology-versus-allegory/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/07/typology-versus-allegory/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/typologyversus-allegory-httpswww.html

在舊約預表中看見基督
 Seeing Christ in Old Testament Types
作者:Daniel Ragusa譯者:駱鴻銘
http://reformedforum.org/seeing-christ-old-testament-types/
http://www.crtsbooks.net/blog/post/2016/06/08/Seeing_Christ_in_Old_Testament_Types.aspx
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2017/01/type-antitype-preaching-christ-from-ot.html
 
舊約預表論的釋經涵義
The Hermeneutic Implications of Old Testament Typology
誠之譯自:Dennis E. Johnson著,Him We Proclaim: Preaching Christ from All the Scripture, pp. 230-23
https://yimawusi.net/2021/02/03/%e8%88%8a%e7%b4%84%e9%a0%90%e8%a1%a8%e8%ab%96%e7%9a%84%e9%87%8b%e7%b6%93%e6%b6%b5%e7%be%a9%ef%bc%88dennis-johnson%ef%bc%89/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/02/hermeneutic-implicationsof-old.html
 
預表法在彌賽亞先知預言中的用途和濫用
The Use and Abuse of Typology in Messianic Prophecy
作者:Eric Chabot  誠之譯自:
https://chab123.wordpress.com/2017/01/09/the-use-and-abuse-of-typology-in-messianic-prophecy-2/
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/04/eric-chabot/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/03/theuse-and-abuse-of-typology-in.html

救贖歷史預表論
https://yimawusi.net/2021/04/09/redemptive-historical-typology/
https://yibaniba.blogspot.com/2021/05/redemptive-historical-typology-dennis.html