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2020-04-20


GOD

聖經辭條

如圣经启示的,祂是教会认信、敬拜与事奉的对象。

1.神的身分


基督徒了解的神,是从圣经启示(Revelation1018,Revelation)而来的。在圣经启示中,人类的创造者成了人类的救赎者,在祂的创造(Creation325,Creation)、照管(参神的照管,Providence967,Providence)与恩典(Grace519,Grace)中,全然显出祂不会改变,及不受挑战的主权。神既不是人肉眼能观察得到,要有意义地描述祂,就只能在每一点上,指出祂与我们和世界的关系;圣经是这样描述神,我们在本文亦会如此。

a.神的名字
在英语世界的基督徒,神(God)一名字是用大写的G来写的,显示它是一个专有名词,只能用在一个个体上。中文虽然有许多称呼(神、上帝、上主……),用意仍是一样;60年代(及更早)有许多文章讨论哪一种称呼更适合,没有结论,于是和合本圣经就有了两个版本︰「神」版和「上帝」版,这是为满足不同之人的习惯,本身没有神学意义的分别。无论我们选择哪一种称呼,它对我们来说,都是一个专有名词,代表圣经对神启示之不同名字和描述。

旧约希伯来文对神的称呼颇多样化,每一个名字都代表神一个特性,和祂与我们及世界的特别关系,主要的有下列几个︰

i.El, Eloah, Elohim(英文圣经本于七十士译本的ho theos都译作「God」,神), El Elyon(「至高的神」)。这些名字全是指神的超越、大有能力、永存不朽,一切在祂之外的均要赖以为存。

ii.Adonay(「主」,英文圣经亦本于七十士译本的kyrios译作'Lord'),这名字代表祂的管辖及主权。

iii.Yahweh,「耶和华」,和合本这个译法是本于一个错误的音译(Jehovah)而来,也许较近的中文音译是「雅巍」,或「雅威」,不过既沿用惯了,也不须硬要更改。英文圣经本于七十士译本的ho kyrios而作「主」〔'The Lord', AVKJV, RV, RSV, NIV〕;Yahweh Sebaoth是「万军之耶和华」,万军是指属天的各灵体,不是人间的战士,表明神的权能。「耶和华」一名是神为自己起的名字,亦是神与人立盟约(Covenant322,Covenant)用的名字。神曾在焚烧的荆棘丛对摩西解释祂的名字,说︰「我是自有永有的」('I am what I am',或更准确作'I will be what I will be'),这是一种自我独立、自我决定的宣告(出三1415)。稍后,神再延伸补充,宣告说︰「耶和华,耶和华,是有怜悯有恩典的神,不轻易发怒,并有丰盛的慈爱和诚实,为千万人存留慈爱,赦免罪孽、过犯,和罪恶,万不以有罪的为无罪,必追讨他的罪,自父及子,直到三、四代」(出三十四67)。总括地说,「耶和华」一名是指神奇妙的恩慈与忍耐,亦是圣洁与严厉的,是那位自我存在、自我更新,又守约的神,为约民选择道路,也是焚烧的荆棘丛中所显示(参神的显现,Theophany1157,Theophany)的那位。

新约称神为耶稣基督的父,信徒因着基督而也可以称神为父,祂就是旧约的神,独一的神(参林前八56),它看基督徒的救恩为神成就的旧约应许;故此,圣经完全反对二元论(Dualism384,Dualism),不承认任何与神,或旧约启示的神观相违的思想──神就是耶稣所描述的那位救赎的神。耶稣称神为父,亦叫门徒称神为父(参太六9;彼前一17)。七十士译本用的「主」,既是指神,亦显出祂的主权,这名字后来就用在复活升天的基督身上(徒二36,十36;罗十913;林前八6;林后十二810;启二十二20等)。耶稣的门徒受洗时所奉之「名」(单数),正指出神对人的救赎关系,亦说明人对祂委身的事实,这名字正是祂三位而一体的名字︰「父、子、圣灵的名」(太二十八19)。如巴特说的,这是神的「教名」('Christian name')。

b.神观。
犹太教和基督教对神的看法,称作有神论(Theism1151,Theism),与自然神论(Deism347,Deism)和泛神论(Pantheism898,Pantheism)有本质上的不同;一神论(Monotheism809,Monotheism)与多神论(Polytheism942,Polytheism)不能混为一谈。

自然神论是在十七世纪生发出来,它看世界是一个密封的系统,是神完全无能介入的,祂既不能藉神迹干预自然世界的运作,亦不可以管制事件的发生;祂创造了世界,却被祂所造的世界摒诸门外。泛神论可远溯至基督教前期的东方宗教,完全否定创造者与受造界的分野,看一切善与恶的事物皆为神的一部分;就如汤朴(Temple1147,Temple, William)说的,神减去世界就等于零。基督教的神论却说,神减去世界是等于神。多神论是古代近东和希腊罗马最常见的一种异教思想,是圣经所否定的;它称很多对象为神,彼此掣肘,没有一位是全能的,因此人要敬拜每一个,不能厚此薄彼,因为我们不知道下一刻会需要哪一个帮助。我们若接受上述的思想,基督教的神观就会被自然神论瘦化,被泛神论溶化,又被多神论丑化。无论是哪种神观,不可或缺的是神的创造和管理,以及祂对人的恩慈与审判的关系。

c.三位一体(Trinity1179,Trinity)。
基督教神论中最凸显的地方,是它强调创造和救赎的神是真正三位而一体的,在祂复杂的合一本体内,三个位格均有独立自存的理性意识中心,却是彼此共通,互相渗透,又在爱中互为连结,在一切工作上互相参与。神不仅是「祂」,也是「祂们」──圣父、圣子、圣灵永存共荣,同享权能与荣耀;但在运作上,祂们有一模式,就是子顺服父,而圣灵则同时彰显圣父与圣子。我们一切论及圣父、圣子与圣灵的语句,都必须在三位一体的架构下来厘定它的意义,这是保证不会偏差的法门。这种信仰是亚他那修(Athanasius166,Athanasius)和加帕多家教父(Cappadocian Fathers257,Cappadocian Fathers)所辩护,又为四世纪的尼西亚─君士坦丁堡信经,和五世纪到六世纪的亚他那修信经(Athanasian Creed165,Athanasian Creed)所肯定的(参信经,Creeds326,Creeds),它们恰能反映出耶稣对圣父与圣灵的态度和教导(参约十四~十六),亦是新约论及圣父、圣子、圣灵所用的思想模式(参神学代模,Models of Theology800,Models of Theology;另参罗三;林前十二36;林后十三14;弗一;帖后二1314;彼前一2;启一4\cs65)。故我们尽管对三位一体有不同的了解,这教义却能反映出神的本体,而不是掩蔽了。

我们必须承认,三位一体是绝对独特的,因此它是一个奥秘,是人不能参透的事实,惟理思想家及小教派的人,亦常以此来攻击三位一体的教义;但新约的教训太清楚了,是不容我们否定的。

d.信仰的语言。
我们敬拜、认信和讨论神的时候,无可避免地要用人的言语来做媒介,这是恰当的,却要有系统地重释和定义,才不会因词害义。圣经清楚地显示出这种修改过程。一方面祂是以人的样式和人交往,且说祂是按自己的形像造人(参神的形像,Image of God609,Image of God),祂的思想、态度和行动都与人相似;但另一方面,祂又不受人的框框限制,是完全自由的,没有受造物的限制,亦完全没有人因堕落而招致的道德亏损。圣经描述神的言语与神的本体,就只有模拟的关系,而不能等同二者;阿奎那(Thomas Aquinas1160,Thomas Aquinas)称之为本体的模拟(the analogy of being),这是神与人之间的关系,亦即是作为创造者的神,与作为受造者的人,二者的相同点只有模拟的关系(参模拟法,Analogy124,Analogy)。

当基督教由巴勒斯坦传到较广阔的希腊世界,基督教宣教士无可避免地要借用希腊文化的语言。柏拉图(Platonism936,Platonism)、亚里士多德(Aristotelianism157,Aristotelianism),和斯多亚派(Stoicism1114,Stoicism)的思想家,看世界是由某种理则所造成;这些理则有时被看作像神一样,说是非属物、不变、不动和无时间性的,护教士(Apologists149,Apologists)和神学家把这些词语借用过来,好表达神的超越,和神人间的分别。这些非个人又机械性的词语,自然不足以表达圣经的神观,但自第二世纪到二十世纪的神学家均没有忘记,圣经的神是一个体,祂是活的且非常真实,故在借用之余,亦从不忘记要把这些希腊词语重组与再释。

2.神的本体

神的属性是指那些可以用来描述神的特性,可分两大类︰关乎祂自己本身的,即是祂存在的特性;和那些关乎人及世界的,即祂藉说话和工作表达出来的特性。按圣经所言,关乎祂属性的,可分下列各点说明︰

a.神是自存、自足,又是自我维持的。
不管是在目的或能力内,神都不能停止存在;祂就是是,祂必须存在,不需要我们的帮助或支持(参徒十七2325);祂具有自己存在的特性,形上学称作自我存在(aseity)。

b.神是纯全(simple)的。
意思是,祂是完全整合、完美和不变的。神是整个地、完全地投入祂每一句话及每一行动,没有是而又非;无论是祂的性格、目的、计划与行动,都是不变的,既不会变得更好(因为祂是完全的,因此不能变得更好),也不能变得更坏。当我们说神是不变的,那不是说祂永恒地像个冰僵的样子,只是说祂的道德已臻完美,是恒久一致的,祂对人的原则没有忽是忽非;人若悔改,祂便施慈爱,人若执迷不悟,祂便行审判,这是祂不变的原则;但祂对人的态度,会随着人的反应而有所不同(参诗十八2427)。

c.神是无限、无体(是个灵)、无所不在、无所不知和永恒的。
这是肯定神不受任何时空的限制,像我们那样。祂在任何地方、任何时候都是存在的;当然,人不能用肉眼看见祂,但过去、现在与将来,祂都在那里;有些神学家否认神可以知道将来,这与圣经的教导有冲突,因此也是错误的。

d.神对世界是有目的、全能,和具绝对主权的。
祂对整个宇宙的历史都有一个计划,为要成就这计划,祂管理及控制一切存在的实体。在不违反事物的本质,及不影响人的自由意志下,神能藉受造物介入,叫事情能按祂的计划发生。就算在人的不顺服和撒但的破坏下,神仍能成就祂为万物定下的旨意。有人怀疑神是否有一永恒的旨意,能预定一切的事,但这意见与以弗所书一11的教导相反,也是错误的。

e.神既是超越于、亦是遍存在这个世界。
这是十九世纪的神学用语,它肯定的是,神既与世界有分别,祂并不需要这个世界来作神;它是超乎于万物,也不能被人的思想完全捕捉(有时神学家称之为神的奥秘及不可参透性)。但从另一角度而言,神却是遍存于世界,借着祂创造的能力来维持世界,又导引历史走向祂安排的道路上。进程神学(Process Theology960,Process Theology)把神的超越轻轻带过,只强调神的遍在性,说祂自己亦牵涉入不断进化的宇宙,以致祂自己也是在进化当中,这又是另一违反圣经教训的怪论。

f.神是不动的(impassible)。
不动者并不是说神没有感情,不为所动(这是常被误解的地方),只是说,没有受造的人或物能本于己意,叫神受苦或受困扰。不错,圣经说神进入人的痛苦当中,在十字架上更背负了人种种的罪罚,但这一切都是祂主动的,却从不是无能地被人逼入死角,不得不受苦。主流基督教看神的不动为一种不变的喜乐,而并非不会喜乐。

3.神的性情

所谓性情者,是指个体藉行动表现出来的道德本性。神在与人交往中,已把祂的性情完全晓谕出来,最主要是在祂成为肉身的圣子;神就像耶稣一样,因为耶稣就是成为肉身的神。下面两点是神性情最重要的两方面︰

a.神就是圣爱。
爱的要义是本于善意而舍出去,为要叫受者得益和喜乐。圣经说,「神就是爱」(agape;约壹四8),意思就是神把祂儿子舍出去,为要除去因人的罪而引起的忿怒(参神的忿怒,Wrath of God1252,Wrath of God),进而叫接受祂的人得生命。圣经常以agape来指神对人的爱,甚至包括那些不可爱和不值得爱的人。约翰说神就是爱,他这句话是特别指一种叫三位一体之间相联系的关系(参约五20,十四31);因此无论是从外在或内在看,神舍己的爱的目的,就是叫接受者能有像神一样的道德性情,故耶稣勉励门徒要完全,像天父完全一样。

但神也是圣者(圣经至少说过五十次),是圣洁的,圣洁的意思是纯洁、无罪,及内心反对罪恶的必然性,这种圣洁永远都是与圣爱有关。祂的圣洁叫祂不得不对罪恶施审判,这是十字架的道理(参约三16;罗五8),但祂的圣爱又叫祂无条件接纳信祂的人,因此称义(Justification670,Justification)与赦免(参罪咎与赦免,Guilt and Forgiveness531,Guilt and Forgiveness 罪咎与赦免)都是白白的施与,而所有一切都是本于祂的圣洁与慈爱(罗六;林后六14~七1;帖前四37;来十二14;彼前一1516)。

b.神是道德的完全。
圣经启示的神不仅是可畏的,也是可爱的,全因为祂是真实、可靠的,满有恩典、怜悯、忍耐、恩慈、智慧、公义、良善和慷慨──所有这一切都借着祂对信徒的爱,和对叛逆世界的管治显明出来。为了这一切荣耀的特性,神是值得永远称颂的。一个怀着正确思想来研究神之道德性的人,总是会以三一颂(Doxology383,Doxology)作结。

2020-03-24


10 神的自存——神永远存在Self-existence - God hasalways been

《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。


10 神的自存——神永远存在
Self-existence - God has always been

诸山未曾生出,地与世界你未曾造成,从亘古到永远,你是神。(诗902

孩子们有时会问:[神是谁创造的?]答案很清楚:神从来不需要被造,因为祂一直都存在。祂的存在与我们有别:身为祂的被造物,我们是以有所依赖的、有所出的、有限的、脆弱的模式存在时间;但我们的造物主存在的模式却是永远的、自给的、必然的---所谓必然的意思乃是说。神压根儿不可能离开祂的存在,就如同我们根本不可能存活到永远一样。人必然会衰老、死亡,因为人的现状之本性使然;神则必然存活到永远、永不改变,这是因祂永存之本性使然。这是受造之物与创造主之间的许多对比之一。

神的自存是一项基要的真理。保罗向雅典拜偶像的人介绍他们的未识之神时,一开始就这样解释说:这位神是创造世界的主,[……也不用人手服事,好像缺少什么,自己倒将生命、气息、万物,赐给众人……](徒1723-25)今日的部落宗教献祭给偶像,犹如古代之雅典;他们想这是一种方法,可使其神祇继续发挥功能。但是造物主无需这样的帮扶系统。英文字aseity的意思是:祂在自己有生命,并可从祂自己里面汲取无尽的能力(aseity 一字源自拉丁文a se [由己而出]之意);此字是由神学家所造,用以表达这项圣经上所揭示的真理(诗901-410225-17 ;赛4028-31;约526;启411

数不清的神学错谬均源于,我们将自己的情况、界限和有限的存在之假设加诸于神身上;神的自存之教义犹豫干城,抵挡这种错谬。在我们信仰的生活里,一旦接纳了神是处处受限、渺小不堪的思想,我们就沦于贫乏;而神的自存的教义,有屹立犹如干城,可抵挡这种想法的发生。相信神是伟大的,这攸关我们属灵的健康(参诗951-7);而掌握神的自存的教义,则是迈向属灵健康的第一步。


SELF-EXISTENCE
GOD HAS ALWAYS BEEN

Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God. PSALM 90:2

Children sometimes ask, “Who made God?” The clearest answer is that God never needed to be made, because he was always there. He exists in a different way from us: we, his creatures, exist in a dependent, derived, finite, fragile way, but our Maker exists in an eternal, self-sustaining, necessary way—necessary, that is, in the sense that God does not have it in him to go out of existence, just as we do not have it in us to live forever. We necessarily age and die, because it is our present nature to do that; God necessarily continues forever unchanged, because it is his eternal nature to do that. This is one of many contrasts between creature and Creator.

God’s self-existence is a basic truth. At the outset of his presentation of the unknown God to the Athenian idolaters, Paul explained that this God, the world’s Creator, “is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything, because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything else” (Acts 17:23-25). Sacrifices offered to idols, in today’s tribal religions as in ancient Athens, are thought of as somehow keeping the god going, but the Creator needs no such support system. The word aseity, meaning that he has life in himself and draws his unending energy from himself (a se in Latin means “from himself”), was coined by theologians to express this truth, which the Bible makes clear (Pss. 90:1-4; 102:25-27; Isa. 40:28-31; John 5:26; Rev. 4:10).

In theology, endless mistakes result from supposing that the conditions, bounds, and limits of our own finite existence apply to God. The doctrine of his aseity stands as a bulwark against such mistakes. In our life of faith, we easily impoverish ourselves by embracing an idea of God that is too limited and small, and again the doctrine of God’s aseity stands as a bulwark to stop this happening. It is vital for spiritual health to believe that God is great (cf. Ps. 95:1-7), and grasping the truth of his aseity is the first step on the road to doing this.



18 神的良善——神就是爱Goodness- God is love

《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。


18 神的良善——神就是爱
Goodness - God is love

你们要称谢耶和华,因祂本为善。祂的慈爱永远长存。(诗1361

[神就是爱]这句话通常应如此解释:(1)按启示来说,这是籍着基督的生活和教训,使我们看见三位一体之神那无穷的生命,是一个互相关爱和尊重的生命(太3:1717:5;约3:3514:3116:13-1417:1-5,22-26);又关系着(2)确认天使和人类为神所造,按着 他们受造者的度量,籍着分享神生命之[取与舍]的乐趣,来荣耀他们的造物主。这点看来似乎是如此,但是当约翰说[神就是爱](约一4:8)时,他的意思(如他后来所继续解释的)乃是,父神籍着基督真正地拯救我们这些以往失丧、今却信主的罪人。[神差祂独生子到世间来,使我们籍着祂得生;神爱我们的心在此就显明了。不是我们爱神]--我们并不爱神--[乃是神爱我们,差祂儿子为我们的罪作了挽回祭,这就是爱了。](约一4:9-10

与新约圣经其他地方所说的一样,[我们]一词是指着神救赎之爱的对象和受惠者,其意思就是[我们这些信的人]。约翰一书或新约其他地方的[我们](无论主词或者受词),都不是泛指芸芸众生的每个人。新约有关救赎的教训一贯是特定的,当它说到神爱和神救赎[世人](约3:16-17;林后5:19;约一2:2)时,乃是指着散布在世界各地不敬虔的社群里,许多神的选民而言(参约10:1611:52-53),而非指以前、现今、将来存在的每一个人。如果不是这样的话,约翰和保罗在其他书信里所说的话,就要互相矛盾了。

圣经上所称神的良善,是指祂普及与众生那种荣耀的仁慈与慷慨(诗145:9,15-16);这良善理当引导所有的罪人悔改(罗2:4)。神主权的救赎之爱正是神良善的一方面(诗100:5;可10:18);其他的方面还有怜悯、怜恤、可怜—即向陷于危难中的人显出仁慈,救他们脱离困境(诗107篇,136篇),和长久忍受、忍耐、迟于动怒--向那些流连罪中的人,继续以恩慈相待(出34:6;诗7838;约3:10-4:11;罗9:22;彼后3:9)。虽然如此,神良善的最高表现,仍然是那无比惊人的恩典和无可言喻的爱情,表明在拯救只配受审判的罪人身上;不只如此,神还为此付上极大的代价--让基督死在十字架上--以拯救他们(罗3:22-245:5-88:32-39;弗2:1-103:14-185:25-27)。

神对祂的目的、应许及属祂的百姓持守信实,这也是祂良善和祂配得称颂更深入的一面。人说谎、食言,神则不是如此。在最恶劣的时候,我们仍旧说:[祂的怜恤,不至断绝......你的诚实极其广大](哀3:22-23;诗36:5;另参诗89篇,尤其是1-2,14,24,33,37,49诸节)。虽然神信实表达的方法有时候叫人难测、令人困惑,在不经心的人暂时看来,神真的好像不信实;但是与神同行,经过人生高潮低谷的人,最终的见证总是:[......神所应许.....的话,没有一句落空](书23:14)。神的可靠,加上她的话语里所揭示祂恩惠良善的其他各方面,总是牢固的根基,我们的信心和盼望可以安息在其上。


GOODNESS
GOD IS LOVE

Give thanks to the LORD, for he is good. His love endures forever. PSALM 136:1

The statement “God is love” is often explained in terms of (a) the revelation, given through the life and teaching of Christ, of the endless life of the triune God as one of mutual affection and honor (Matt. 3:17; 17:5; John 3:35; 14:31; 16:13-14; 17:1-5, 22-26), linked with (b) the recognition that God made angels and humans to glorify their Maker in sharing the joyful give-and-take of this divine life according to their own creaturely mode. But, true as this seems to be, when John says “God is love” (1 John 4:8), what he means (as he goes on to explain) is that the Father through Christ has actually saved us formerly lost sinners who now believe. “This is how God showed his love among us: He sent his one and only Son into the world that we might live through him. This is love: not that we loved God”—we didn’t—“but that he loved us and sent his Son as an atoning sacrifice for our sins”(vv. 9-10).

As always in the New Testament, “us” as the objects and beneficiaries of redeeming love means “us who believe.” Neither here nor elsewhere does “we” or “us” refer to every individual belonging to the human race. New Testament teaching on redemption is particularistic throughout, and when “the world” is said to be loved and redeemed (John 3:16-17; 2 Cor. 5:19; 1 John 2:2), the reference is to the great number of God’s elect scattered worldwide throughout the ungodly human community (cf. John 10:16; 11:52-53), not to each and every person who did, does, or shall exist. If this were not so, John and Paul would be contradicting things that they say elsewhere.

This sovereign redemptive love is one facet of the quality that Scripture calls God’s goodness (Ps. 100:5; Mark 10:18), that is, the glorious kindness and generosity that touches all his creatures (Ps. 145:9, 15-16) and that ought to lead all sinners to repentance (Rom. 2:4). Other aspects of this goodness are the mercy or compassion or pity that shows kindness to persons in distress by rescuing them out of trouble (Pss. 107, 136) and the long-suffering, forbearance, and slowness to anger that continues to show kindness toward persons who have persisted in sinning (Exod. 34:6; Ps. 78:38; John 3:10-4:11; Rom. 9:22; 2 Pet. 3:9). The supreme expression of God’s goodness is still, however, the amazing grace and inexpressible love that shows kindness by saving sinners who deserve only condemnation: saving them, moreover, at the tremendous cost of Christ’s death on Calvary (Rom. 3:22-24; 5:5-8; 8:32-39; Eph. 2:1-10; 3:14-18; 5:25-27).

God’s faithfulness to his purposes, promises, and people is a further aspect of his goodness and praiseworthiness. Humans lie and break their word; God does neither. In the worst of times it can still be said: “His compassions never fail.... Great is your faithfulness” (Lam. 3:22-23; Ps. 36:5; cf. Ps. 89, especially vv. 1-2, 14, 24, 33, 37, 49). Though God’s ways of expressing his faithfulness are sometimes unexpected and bewildering, looking indeed to the casual observer and in the short term more like unfaithfulness, the final testimony of those who walk with God through life’s ups and downs is that “every promise has been fulfilled; not one has failed” (Josh. 23:14-15). God’s fidelity, along with the other aspects of his gracious goodness as set forth in his Word, is always solid ground on which to rest our faith and hope.


2020-03-15


17 神的圣洁——神就是光Holiness- God is light


《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。

1神的圣洁——神就是光
Holiness - God is light

我是耶和华你们的神,所以你们要成为圣洁,因为我是圣洁的。
(利11:44

当圣经称神或神的一个位格为圣洁时(如经上经常如此称呼:利11:44-45;书24:19;赛1:46:341:14,16,2057:15;结39:7;摩4:2;约17:11;徒5:3-4,32;启15:4),圣洁这个字的意思是指,每一件有关神的事情都将与我们分开,并且使神成为我们可畏、可慕、可惧的对象。圣洁涵盖了神超越的伟大和祂德性完美的所有层面;因此,它可以说是神所有属性中一个能在每一点上指明了神之所以为神的属性。神性情和祂性格的每一面都可以说圣洁的,只因为圣洁是属乎祂的。然而,祂呼召罪人在祂面前要不断地自我降卑(赛6:5)。

公正之意,是在任何情况下都做对的事,它乃是神圣洁的一种表达。神以立法者、审判官,以及信守应许者和罪恶赦免者之身份,展现了祂的公正。祂的道德律是[圣洁、公义、良善](罗7:12),要求人的行为与祂的性情相称。祂的审判公平,按照真实应得的功过施行(创18:25;诗7:1196:13;徒17:31)。祂的[愤怒],即祂对罪主动而有的司法敌意,彰显出来时,是全然公义的(罗2:5-16);祂个别特定的[审判](报复性的惩罚),也是荣耀、配得称颂的(启16:5,719:1-4)。当神籍祂的作为拯救祂的百姓,来实践祂对恩约的承诺时,那是公正的,就是祂公义的表现(赛51:5-656:163:1;约一1:9)。当神因罪人信靠基督而称他们为义时,祂是以公正得到伸张为基础去做得,即在代替我们的基督这人身上,惩罚了我们的罪恶---神籍着采取这种称义罪人的怜悯方式,显明了神是全然公义的(罗3:25-26);而我们的称义本身在司法上来说,也显明为合法的。

当约翰说神就是[],在祂毫无黑暗时,这种喻象肯定神是圣洁、纯洁,使祂和蓄意不圣洁的人之间的交通成为不可能的事;也因为这样,祂就要求基督徒以追求生活中的圣洁、公义,为最该关切的事(约一1:5-2:1;林后6:14-71;来12:10-17)。信徒蒙了重生、赦免以后,就要行出与神自己性情相称的圣洁,并讨神的喜悦---这点一直都是新约圣经的呼召,正如以往在旧约圣经中一样(申30:1-10;弗4:17-5:14;彼前1:13-22)。因为神是圣洁的,所以神的百姓也必须是圣洁的。

HOLINESS
GOD IS LIGHT

I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves and be holy, because I am holy.... LEVITICUS 11:44

When Scripture calls God, or individual persons of the Godhead, “holy” (as it often does: Lev. 11:44-45; Josh. 24:19; Isa. 2:2; Ps. 99:9; Isa. 1:4; 6:3; 41:14, 16, 20; 57:15; Ezek. 39:7; Amos 4:2; John 17:11; Acts 5:3-4, 32; Rev. 15:4), the word signifies everything about God that sets him apart from us and makes him an object of awe, adoration, and dread to us. It covers all aspects of his transcendent greatness and moral perfection and thus is an attribute of all his attributes, pointing to the “Godness” of God at every point. Every facet of God’s nature and every aspect of his character may properly be spoken of as holy, just because it is his. The core of the concept, however, is God’s purity, which cannot tolerate any form of sin (Hab. 1:13) and thus calls sinners to constant self-abasement in his presence (Isa. 6:5).

Justice, which means doing in all circumstances things that are right, is one expression of God’s holiness. God displays his justice as legislator and judge, and also as promise-keeper and pardoner of sin. His moral law, requiring behavior that matches his own, is “holy, righteous and good” (Rom. 7:12). He judges justly, according to actual desert (Gen. 18:25; Pss. 7:11; 96:13; Acts 17:31). His “wrath,” that is, his active judicial hostility to sin, is wholly just in its manifestations (Rom. 2:5-16), and his particular “judgments” (retributive punishments) are glorious and praiseworthy (Rev. 16:5, 7; 19:1-4). Whenever God fulfills his covenant commitment by acting to save his people, it is a gesture of “righteousness,” that is, justice (Isa. 51:5-6; 56:1; 63:1; 1 John 1:9). When God justifies sinners through faith in Christ, he does so on the basis of justice done, that is, the punishment of our sins in the person of Christ our substitute; thus the form taken by his justifying mercy shows him to be utterly and totally just (Rom. 3:25-26), and our justification itself is shown to be judicially justified.

When John says that God is “light,” with no darkness in him at all, the image is affirming God’s holy purity, which makes fellowship between him and the willfully unholy impossible and requires the pursuit of holiness and righteousness of life to be a central concern for Christian people (1 John 1:5-2:1; 2 Cor. 6:14-7:1; Heb. 12:10-17). The summons to believers, regenerate and forgiven as they are, to practice a holiness that will match God’s own, and so please him, is constant in the New Testament, as indeed it was in the Old Testament (Deut. 30:1-10; Eph. 4:17-5:14; 1 Pet. 1:13-22). Because God is holy, God’s people must be holy too.

2020-03-14


12、神的無所不知  神看見併知道萬事OMNISCIENCE  GOD SEES AND KNOWS

《简明神学》Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs,巴刻(J. I. Packer)著/張麟至译,更新传道会,2007年。

耶和華的眼目無處不在,惡人善人祂都鑒察。(箴15:3

“無所不知”壹字的意思是“知道每壹件事”。聖經宣告,神的眼目遍及各地(伯24:23
33:1315139:1316;箴15:3;耶16:17;來4:13)。祂鑒察所有人的心,察驗每個人所走的道路(撒上16:7;王上8:39;代上28:9;詩139:16,23;耶17:10;路16:158:27;啟2:23)——換句話說,祂知悉萬人在每壹時辰所作的每壹件事。而且祂知道未來,併不亞於所知的過去與現在;祂知道未來可能發生的事件,不亞於已經發生的真實事件(撒上23:913;王下13:19;詩81:1415;賽48:18)。祂不需要“搜尋”某事件的消息,好像電腦讀檔案那樣;所有祂的知識總是立即、直接呈現在祂的心思內。聖經的作者常對神的心思在這方麵的度量深感訝異(詩139:16147:5;賽40:1314,28 另參羅11:3336)。

神的知識與祂的全權有關聯:祂知道每壹件事——包括這事件的本身以及牠與所有其他事件間的關繫,因為祂創造牠、維持牠,而且每壹時刻祂使這事按著祂為牠所定的計劃進行(弗1: 11)。認為神可以知道併預知每壹件事,卻控製不了牠的這種想法,顯明不隻是不合聖經,也沒有意義。對信徒而言,神無所不知的知識會給我們帶來很大的把握:信徒絕不被神遺忘,而且神現在、將來都必按祂的應許眷顧我們(賽40:2731)。然而,對任何壹位非信徒而言,神具有包羅萬有知識的這項真理必定帶給他們畏懼之心,因為牠提醒人:人不可能隱藏自己的罪,叫神看不見(詩139:71294:111;約1:112


OMNISCIENCE
GOD SEES AND KNOWS

The eyes of the LORD are everywhere, keeping watch on the wicked and the good. PROVERBS 15:3

Omniscient is a word that means “knowing everything.” Scripture declares that God’s eyes run everywhere (Job 24:23; Pss. 33:13-15, 139:13-16; Prov. 15:3; Jer. 16:17; Heb. 4:13). He searches all hearts and observes everyone’s ways (1 Sam. 16:7; 1 Kings 8:39; 1 Chron. 28:9; Ps. 139:1-6, 23; Jer. 17:10; Luke 16:15; Rom. 8:27; Rev. 2:23)—in other words, he knows everything about everything and everybody all the time. Also, he knows the future no less than the past and the present, and possible events that never happen no less than the actual events that do (1 Sam. 23:9-13; 2 Kings 13:19; Ps. 81:14-15; Isa. 48:18). Nor does he have to “access” information about things, as a computer might retrieve a file; all his knowledge is always immediately and directly before his mind. Bible writers stand in awe of the capacity of God’s mind in this regard (Pss. 139:1-6; 147:5; Isa. 40:13-14, 28; cf. Rom. 11:33-36).

God’s knowledge is linked with his sovereignty: he knows each thing, both in itself and in relation to all other things, because he created it, sustains it, and now makes it function every moment according to his plan for it (Eph. 1:11). The idea that God could know, and foreknow, everything without controlling everything seems not only unscriptural but nonsensical.

To the Christian believer, knowledge of God’s omniscience brings the assurance that he has not been forgotten, but is being and will be cared for according to God’s promise (Isa. 40:27-31). To anyone who is not a Christian, however, the truth of God’s universal knowledge must bring dread, for it comes as a reminder that one cannot hide either oneself or one’s sins from God’s view (Pss. 139:7-12; 94:1-11; John 1:1-12).