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2021-03-11

 

聖經詞條:以色列(Israel
摘自聖經神學辭典
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/07/israel/
 
名字與人民
 
亞伯拉罕的孫雅各,與神摔跤後,被改名為以色列(創三十二28)。這名字是希伯來文「摔跤」及「神」的結合(因為與神〔el〕與人〔sareta摔跤〕,人會稱你為yisrael)。雅各返回迦南時,神命令他在伯特利安頓;在那處神再向雅各顯現,並重申他的名字不再是雅各,而是以色列。接著藉著神與雅各立約的確認(創三十五9-12),強調神與亞伯拉罕所立的約之特別元素(創十七1-8),來確認這名字。這個名字表達出摔跤,緊緊地抓著神,以及克勝的概念,神確認祂與雅各的約,以色列一名正是這約的表記。這名字表達他的生命及愛正與神緊緊契合。當他的後裔在埃及為奴(出一15,二13),以及其他處境中(如申十五12;撒上四6;賽三十六11;耶三十四914),稱為希伯來人(創三十九1417,四十15,四十一12),但他們最終稱為猶太人(在耶三十二12首次提及;譯註:和合本作「猶大人」)。「希伯來人」和「猶太人」是亞伯拉罕及雅各的後裔在列國的種族名稱;「以色列」卻帶有雅各後裔的屬靈、立約及宗教傳承意味。「以色列」這名字強調希伯來及猶太民族與神的獨特關係。曾有一段時間,這名字不用來指稱所有雅各的後裔,因為在國家分裂後,北方十支派稱為以色列,南方支派則稱為猶大。在被擄後,它再被用作指整個群體。
 
人們常認為舊約是以色列的歷史,是其獨特的宗教及將來盼望的記錄。聖經亦是理解神為以色列的緣故而拯救她的一個來源。這些舊約記錄的層面雖是正確,但更為涵括的信息卻是啟示神怎樣憑自己的主權,揀選及預備使用以色列,作為祂獨特的中保。祂為所有民族、國家揭開祂的國度計劃。
 
神的目的
 
神揀選以色列的目的,可分作五個互相關連的題旨。
 
1. 萬國因亞伯拉罕蒙福   首先,以色列要將彌賽亞帶給以色列及世上列國。神向亞當及夏娃保證,女人的後裔會擊傷撒但的頭,並因而消除由於他們偏離神,以及他們破壞立約所引致的不順服、罪惡及腐敗。挪亞的子孫閃,確立為誕生那後裔的祖先(創九24-27)。然後,亞伯蘭/亞伯拉罕蒙神呼召及告知,萬國會因他而蒙福(創十二3)。透過亞伯拉罕的後裔(創十五5,十七1-8),神才會引進彌賽亞和救贖,以勝過撒但、罪惡及其影響。這後裔譜系收窄至以撒、雅各/以色列、猶大及大衛。同時,所有亞伯拉罕的後裔要成為世人的光(賽九2-7,四十二6,四十九6)。
 
2. 寫作及保存聖經   第二,與各目的之首的第一點不可分割的,乃是以色列要承擔產生、持定及保存舊約和新約的神聖角色。這成文的話乃確實無誤的紀錄,記載神怎樣創造宇宙,以及祂如何救贖和更新這宇宙及其居民。欠缺了這成文的話語,我們就沒有關於神的作為、應許的紀錄。以色列人曾是摩西領導下的子民,這話語的首部分由摩西所寫,其他部分則由以色列的作者、歷史家、詩人、聖賢及先知添上。故此,以色列的神聖使命乃是將那永活的道──耶穌基督(約一1-3),以及神所默示、無謬誤的話語,帶給世上所有國家──包括他們自己。
 
3. 中介角色   第三,藉神的旨意,以色列擔起一群中介子民的獨特角色。神從世界的一個角落呼召亞伯拉罕,將他放置在列國的中心。在那裏,有敘利亞、亞捫、摩押、以東、非利士、推羅、西頓等較小的國家為鄰,並有較遠較大的亞拉伯、埃及、赫、亞述及巴比倫等,而以色列卻成為特殊的珍寶──一個國度、一群祭司子民及聖潔的國家(出十九4-6)。這個多面體角色不單為了以色列的緣故;以色列蒙揀選、加力,在位於中心地區的迦南,在神及列國之間作中保。要做好中保的工作,以色列必須按著神所賜的話語而行,讓列國注意及渴望參與,在祂仁慈的統治下得享福氣、奇妙的生命和榮耀(賽二1-5;彌四1-5)。以色列的原先目的並非用說話作見證,而是去展現立約生命的豐盛福氣。外邦人應受到以色列的吸引,渴望去學習及順服神的啟示。這就是喇合(書二9-13)、路得(得一16-18)和烏利亞(撒下十一611)的故事;他們並非希伯來人或猶太人,卻成為以色列的真正公民──神的立約子民。
 
4. 神國的子民  第四,神呼召、揀選及宣告,要以色列成為國度的子民(出十九6)。摩西強調,他們蒙揀選,非因他們本身的優點;神揀選以色列成為立約的國度子民,是因為祂以恩慈的愛去愛他們(申七7)。然而,以色列卻有以下的責任:他們要在整體生活上,確認及展示神為他們唯一的君王;沒有其他神是他們的主、生命的來源和祝福。以色列人要知道他們是有神統治的神權政體(theocracy);他們被召成為忠心、敬愛、順服、事奉神的子民。
 
按照神的目的,以色列人有責任去向自己、他們的後裔、生活在迦南境內的非以色列鄰舍,以及周圍的列國顯示,作為一群蒙救贖的立約子民,他們應怎樣過一個神權政體的生活。這只能藉忠心地履行三方面的創造和立約使命:屬靈的、社會的及文化的。
 
屬靈使命要求以色列人與神建立愛的團契和崇拜,榮耀這位立約的主。相交及崇拜要在家中(如逾越節,出十二)舉行,但特別在會幕及聖殿的院中進行。所有百姓,不論年紀,被召在一起,聚集去敬拜他們的主。敬拜的方式有所規定。會幕及後來的聖殿(「我是你的神,我與你同在」)象徵性及預表性地表達約中的應許,它們也是敬拜的中心(申十二1-14)。摩西稍後告訴百姓,他們可在由祭司司職的祭壇集會敬拜(申十二15-19)。耶和華列明祭司職任及指定祭牲,使集會如一群敬虔的國度子民般去敬拜。一些祭牲需每日獻上(利六1-8),其他則在節日或特別情況下才獻上;安息日不可工作,是全體集會敬拜的時間。神重複提醒百姓不可敬拜他神,因為祂是忌邪的(申四15-24,十三1-18)。百姓亦不可自以為合適就去敬拜(申十二8);他們要遵守基本原則,順從及履行屬靈的使命,就是十誡的首四誡了。
 
神呼召以色列作為立約群體,向世界展示國度的生活。以色列要順從及履行創造立約的社會性使命。第五至第七誡提供了基本指引。在群體內,家庭生活是基本的:父母要教導、訓練及管教子女(申六4-9;詩七十八1-8);子女要敬奉父母;不可與非立約子民通婚(申七1-6)。然而,假若那些非亞伯拉罕的肉身後裔加入成為以色列群體的成員,他們便可以和以色列人通婚。生殖是神聖的訓令,後裔在神權政體內繼續約中的事奉。性的濫用像姦淫一樣,是受到嚴禁的。
 
作為一個聖潔的國家,以色列要透過聽取及履行創造立約的文化使命,向世界展示神的國度。先決條件是敬拜性的集會,另外就是藉著在婚姻、家庭、宗族及整個立約群體中愛和喜樂的群體生活。神對以色列作為一個聖潔國家的目的,乃是他們在屬靈上、社會上及文化上,要與異教習俗完全分別出來,並奉獻自己給他們至高的主;祂命令以色列:「你們要聖潔,因為我耶和華你們的神是聖潔的」(利十九2)。以色列──聖潔的國家──要成為政治實體。耶和華是他們至高的君王;長老及士師要執行行政及司法職責;祭司特別執長衛生法例。
 
要成為一個聖潔的、政治性的組織,以及遵守律法的國家,以色列奉召在列國中活出分別為聖的生活。神賜他們迦南地作為土地,不是為著他們的發展及享受,而是使以色列能在列國中作中保。每個支派及宗族都獲得產業,他們要除掉所有迦南居民,排除不聖潔的壓力,真正享受神給他們的自由生活。神應許以色列會興盛,但物質的祝福卻是從服侍中獲致。故此,作為好管家,他們可發展及美化自然環境,並改善生產技術,會幕及聖殿乃高度發展的文化、技術的例子。
 
5. 實踐神的旨意  第五,神揀選以色列成為祂立約的僕人,在罪惡世界中實踐神的旨意。他們要藉信心而活,以此展示給列國看。挪亞、亞伯拉罕和眾人憑信而活(來十一)。這信心包括認識耶和華,信靠祂,活出勇敢及盼望的生命。透過順服,以色列會向子孫及鄰舍展示事奉神的面貌。事實上,信心的生活、順服及事奉,可以成就神心目中及向他們啟示的目的。按這方向,以色列是一群彌賽亞子民,在時候滿足時帶進彌賽亞的國度,把從神而來的話語傳予世界,見證神的國所包涵的一切生命活動及關係。
 
以色列的福氣
 
在神國度的原則中,權利和福氣帶有責任。隨著以色列被召及獲賜能力履行神的計劃,神亦賜予他們責任及相關的權利。
 
首先,向列國代表及反映那位宇宙的主宰,本身就是以色列的權利。服侍就是特權!服侍自己及自我膨脹完全與責任和特權相違。作為蒙召的一群,以色列不可自以為是神所揀選、鍾愛及保守的唯一對象;他們基本上要以自己為蒙召去事奉的民。以色列的尊榮乃在於按神的旨意而事奉。
 
第二,以色列與神有獨特的立約關係。神以自己為丈夫(耶三十一33),看以色列為自己的寶貴產業,暗示以色列是祂的新娘(出十九4-6)。這個立約/屬靈的婚姻關係,是一個不會破毀的生命和愛之盟約。祂不會休她,縱然祂會捨棄她一段時間(賽五十1)。以色列在神的愛、美善及信實中,得到安穩的保證。
 
第三,以色列可以親近神。神住在祂的子民中間,先是藉摩西,之後透過祭司,子民可以進到神面前。祂與他們相交,接受他們的祭牲、讚美及祈禱。祂透過祂已寫下來的話語及先知對他們說話。在這親密關係裏,以色列可以認識他們的神:祂至高全能;祂宣佈自己是有憐憫、恩惠、忍耐、滿有愛心、信實、赦免、公義及公平的(出三十四6-7;民十四17-18;詩一○三8-13;拿四2-3)。
 
第四,以色列擁有神為他們所預備的迦南地──此地早已由原居民開發──並享受其上的祝福。迦南地有繁盛的城市、滿載美物的房屋、供應水源的井、多產的葡萄園及豐饒的果園(申六10-12)。這應許地是他們為著事奉而擁有的產業,並不是為了自我滿足及優越感覺。這土地處於列國中心,神國度的彌賽亞光輝會照耀萬國。在這地,以色列履行屬靈、社會及文化性的使命。它乃一處安息、昌盛、安穩及和平之地,藉此,以色列向萬國描繪被救贖更新之宇宙的樣貌。藉著安祥、服侍的生命,以色列向列國人民描繪將來蒙福的盼望;這些萬民可以進來,分享對神的信心、順服及事奉,將榮耀歸給那宇宙的君王。
 
第五,在應許地內外,以色列有向列國宣告神掌權的特權。這信息是一個對現今和將來時代的保證。至高神掌管和指引宇宙、列國及個人的一切事務。摩西歌唱:「耶和華必作王,直到永永遠遠」(出十五18)。詩人也同樣歌唱(詩九十三1-2,九十七1,九十九1-5)。先知也向以色列(賽五十二8)及列國(俄121)宣告。
 
第六,神應許以色列的百姓身分不斷延續。這特權可以引致虛假的安全感,即是無論如何,以色列的國家身分,可以在歷史中長久不變。然而,與這特權不能分割的乃是以色列要藉信心、順服、事奉神和成就祂永存國度的計劃而活。
 
以色列的回應
 
列祖時代  聖經啟示和記錄以色列怎樣回應,怎樣相信、順服及滿足神對雅各後裔的呼召,以及所賜予的特權。有人在各樣方式中忠信、順服及事奉;大多數人卻不信、不順服及不事奉。然而,神在實行祂的國度、立約及中保計劃上,仍然是信實及不變的。祂藉賜福、收回祝福,以及有限度地執行立約的咒詛而工作。以色列作為一個群體,從未被完全消滅,縱然無人理會摩西警告之話(申二十八至二十九)時,她會受到重災。神以饑荒、困苦、軍事失敗、外邦壓迫及最終被擄,使以色列降卑。
 
立約生活及背棄聖約的張力,清楚地在雅各的12個兒子當中出現。十兄弟將約瑟賣為奴,並對他的失蹤撒謊。猶大與一個他以為是妓女的女人性交(創三十八);約瑟則在埃及拒絕性誘惑。縱然約瑟受到屈辱,他仍然忠信,並事奉他立約的主。雅各指出他兒子其他各樣的罪(創四十九451727)。但縱然猶大有過失,他仍被預言為以色列的祖先,要把彌賽亞帶給世界(創四十九8-12)。約瑟蒙豐厚的賜福(創四十九22-26),他確認神信實及主權的保守和引導(創五十19-20)。
 
以色列在埃及繁衍,卻受奴役。自約瑟死後,除了收生婆拯救摩西之外(出一),自覺順服及事奉耶和華的證據稀少。在摩西領導下,以色列從為奴之地得釋放,作為一個立約群體,她自發起誓去順服及事奉耶和華(出十九8,二十四37),但以色列人很快就顯出他們的善變,及對埃及生活的眷戀(出三十二2-8)。神聽取摩西的代求,以色列再次認識神是信實守約的;祂的嫉妒保守了祂的子民(出三十四5-14)。
 
出埃及後  以色列有了會幕、亞倫的祭司職任,以及祭牲和節日的規例。人民有充分機會成為一個相信、順服、敬拜、事奉的群體及神權政體國家。但他們卻埋怨和反叛(民十一1,十二1-2,十四1-4,十六1-3,二十一4-5);十二探子中有兩個信靠及尊敬神(民十三),其餘的探子和整體國家卻不。當摩西及約書亞領導進佔約但時,神藉摩西向子民啟示祂自己;那立約的天地主宰呼召並要求百姓要敬虔,像立約的子民般去愛、順服、敬拜及事奉祂。約書亞乃神任命的一位優秀的軍事領袖。以色列作為一個國家,成功獲取那已開墾、蓋滿建築物及豐饒的應許之地。
 
約書亞死後,百姓重複地破壞與神所立的約。神使他們軍事失敗及經濟陷入困境。神是信實的,祂藉這些困境迫使祂的子民重新認識祂;祂興起領袖,讓百姓重獲自由及昌盛。在整段士師的混亂時期,從俄陀聶至撒母耳,神繼續實行祂的彌賽亞計劃。眾士師、波阿斯、路得及士師兼先知的撒母耳,都成為榜樣。
 
王國時期  神的信實顯在彌賽亞的計劃上,這在大衛及所羅門時代戲劇性地啟示出來。大衛──猶大的後裔,屬亞伯拉罕及閃的族系──被膏立為王。詩人及先知大衛縱然有罪,但仍是一個合神心意的人。他征服及統治神所應許亞伯拉罕的整遍領土(撒下八1-14)。他的統治被描述為「秉公行義」(撒下八15)。那約得到確認,立約子孫及王朝的永久性獲得肯定(撒下七1-28)。兒子所羅門執行大衛對聖殿及敬拜的計劃。所羅門顯出智慧(王上十1-13),那神治君主政體的光彩是無與倫比的(王上十14-29)。詩篇七十二篇表達出彌賽亞國度的榮耀,那在大衛及所羅門時代首先實現,並將在耶穌基督裏得著最圓滿及最終的實現。
 
先知乃耶和華的僕人。摩西是卓越的先知;撒母耳在膏立大衛上,擔任一個關鍵角色(撒上十六13);當拿單對大衛訴說有一後裔會統治全地,並大衛的王位及國度會永存時,他乃宣告一個最重要的預言,這預言只針對中心人物──大衛──及其子孫,而非以色列國。以色列是背景,但核心乃在大衛家的位上,神要更圓滿地彰顯祂的國度。
 
這些高潮,即與大衛立約、軍事武功、公義統治、所羅門的智慧及其國度的宏偉,未能持續下去。神的計劃並沒有縮減,給予大衛家的福氣原先可以擴展,但所羅門在他的後期,以及大部分的大衛後人,並沒有繼續作忠心的立約及國度僕人。大部分的神權政體支派分裂出來,並取名「以色列」。猶大、西緬及便雅憫支派構成神繼續實行祂計劃之環境。以色列於主前722年被擄,國運到了低點(王下十七21-23)。那時一小群餘民從猶大逃往埃及(耶四十一16-18,四十四26)。
 
先知繼續宣佈神警告及應許的話,其中特別重複提醒猶大,神的國度及立約會持續;作中保之彌賽亞應許在被擄前(以賽亞書及彌迦書),及被擄時(以西結書及但以理書)再獲重申。雅各的後裔,即以色列的立約群體,不論是在本國或被擄之地,會延續下去;有關藉大衛家所代表的後裔,以及所有關乎國度的應許,會按時候實現。故此,以色列國並非是中心焦點;神透過以色列去實現的計劃才是目的。以色列民族將引進彌賽亞。
 
新約時期  被擄之後,雅各的後裔──往往稱為猶太人,而非以色列人──組成一個社會及宗教群體。由於律法主義及祭司活動,以及各種未能成功建立主權國家的狂熱運動,削弱了他們蒙召出來敬拜神的努力。故此,以色列不再成國,只能作為一個社會及宗教群體。在那環境中,以色列的呼召及存在之最終目的,乃在耶穌裏得到完全實現,正如神所定意的。在耶穌升天後40年(與以色列在曠野飄流的時間相同),以色列社群、聖殿及獻祭系統消失。神與亞當及夏娃所立,關乎女人那得勝及統治的後裔,並向亞伯拉罕、猶大及大衛所重申的應許,卻得到完全成就。以色列縱然不信、不順服及反叛,她卻成就了神呼召她及要她承擔的目的。
 
關乎以色列的當代問題
 
以色列的宗教起源  以色列與聖經的關係是明確的。舊約及新約均由屬以色列血統的人寫成。整本聖經是神藉以色列人給予世界的禮物,不管我們稱之為希伯來(舊約)或猶太人(新約)聖經。事實上,整本聖經乃神透過那信仰、順服及事奉的立約群體所賜下。五經以及歷史書、詩歌書、智慧書和先知書的作者乃立約的僕人;新約的福音書、歷史書信及啟示文學作者亦然。然而,分別乃圍繞整本聖經的性質:它是否以色列國的起源及發展之記載?換言之,聖經只是一本人間書籍,抑或是神默示之書──蘊含神聖創造、人類墮落、神救贖及更新計劃,以及祂向以色列並初步藉以色列去實現之永存國度的信息?聖經的記述是清楚及明確的:以色列是神藉以將聖經賜給世界的媒介。
 
聖經關於以色列起源的記述是清晰的。近東考古學學者,以及歷史評鑑學者有異議。他們不大接受如此的看法:以色列乃一個約有二百萬人口的社群,在埃及為奴。他們只接受:某群閃族人在埃及生活並為奴。戲劇性的出埃及事件之方式及時間,同樣在歷史上和考古證據上無法令人接受。同樣地,西乃經歷、在曠野飄流40年,以及迦南的軍事行動,受到極大質疑。他們提出不同的可能性,例如一小群在埃及為奴的人逃脫出來,與其他族群接上,漸進地滲透迦南,並汲取了它很多的生活方式。以色列發展成為國家,被視為由不同來源的支派結盟而逐漸形成。考古學家及歷史評鑑家所提出的證據,卻不被很多學者接受,特別是保守的福音派學者。後者已證明考古學及科學的歷史研究,並沒有牴觸聖經的記載,反而將它照亮。
 
關於以色列第三個爭論問題,乃與剛提及的兩個有緊密的關連:以色列宗教的起源及本質,特別是以色列的信仰、敬拜模式及習俗問題。聖經明言以色列的信仰乃由神所啟示,敬拜活動是由祂導引。藉著研究以色列社會結構及心理的學者提供的幫助,研究以色列鄰國及其宗教的學者已嘗試去證明,很多以色列的宗教習俗乃採自周圍民族的文化。以色列並非與鄰邦隔離而生活;它有各樣在表面上相似的宗教習俗,如輕便的神龕、獻祭系統及如祭壇的宗教物品。然而,以色列宗教的起源及習俗是獨特的:神直接向亞伯拉罕啟示祂自己,正如祂向亞當及挪亞所作的。祂特別向他們啟示自己為一位立約者,並立約關係的所有細節及意義,這些都由神所委任的中保人物詳細說明。以色列的信仰及宗教生活源自啟示,而非借自外邦或源自宗教覺悟。然而,必須附帶一提,以色列並非經常忠於至高立約的主。她滿有躊躇,留下很多不順服的證據,例如跟隨鄰邦可憎的拜偶像習俗。
 
以色列與土地  也有很多討論圍繞以色列與土地之關係。神應許亞伯拉罕及他的子孫,有一塊土地賜給他們為業,這是不容置疑的。但這地是否永恆的產業?神的應許是否無條件的呢?很多福音派基督徒相信它是。他們基於對論到巴勒斯坦之約的申命記二十八章作出這樣的解釋。其他同樣嚴謹的福音派學者,指出五個重要的斟酌因素。首先,摩西強調,順服乃承繼那地及維持福氣的基本要求(申四25-31,二十八15-68)。第二,譯作「永遠」的詞彙,可以解作「一段長久的日子」。這詞彙不能指永不結束,因為在末日主再來時,將會引進新天地的秩序。第三,神在大衛及所羅門時代,已成就了祂關乎土地及其範圍的應許(撒下八1-4;代上十八1-13;王上四20-21;詩七十二8)。第四,有關被擄歸回的先知應許,在餘民返回時已應驗了(拉二)。第五,新約並未將以色列視為一個永久擁有那地的國家;反而,亞伯拉罕的立約子孫所承繼的乃是這世界(羅四13)。
 
另一個問題關乎如何解釋有關以色列的預言。這問題與以色列、土地、教會及千禧年(啟二十)有緊密的關係。我們須緊記,眾先知預言以色列的將來。然而,他們並非都是指向作為有組織之政治實體的以色列。餘民的概念乃最重要,特別是以色列作為一個信仰的立約群體。此外,當先知論及他們的當代人時,他們是以那時的人所能瞭解的說話來表達。故此,當先知論及耶和華立約的子民奇妙的將來時,他們是以簡單的都市、牧畜、農業及大自然的詞彙來說話(賽三十五)。嚴格的字面解釋,往往視以色列為政治性的國家實體,並受這些前設支配,我們當盡量避免。
 
以色列與新約教會  另一個問題乃是以色列與新約教會的關係。有些人(誠之按:指時代論者)過於以字面解釋有關以色列的舊約預言,並認為「以色列」三個字在新約作品裏皆指政治性的國家實體,而非信仰的立約群體。這種做法的結果是:以色列民族與非猶太人的新約立約群體──教會,被嚴格區分;他們相信神心目中有兩組不同的子民,對每組也有不同的計劃。很多聖經學者對這種區分存異議。我們當謹記上一段的要點。再者,耶穌講論時從不把以色列看為一個政治獨立而宗教虔誠的國家;祂的主題是神包羅萬有的國度。雖然保羅說他的族人為「以色列人」(羅九3-5),但他亦說所有在耶穌基督裏的真信徒為亞伯拉罕的子孫,並按照給亞伯拉罕後裔的應許成為後嗣(加三28)。他亦將所有相信耶穌基督的信徒,不論是外邦人還是猶太人,均寫為「以色列民」(加六16)。故此一般相信當保羅論及他本族的信徒──不是很多猶太人接受耶穌為所應許的彌賽亞──以及很多相信的外邦人時,這個包括所有信徒的群體,不論猶太人或外邦人,組成了「以色列全家」,即那合一的身體,信徒的立約群體(羅十一25-32)。
 
縱然還有其他問題,但最後要提的,乃是以色列作為千年國度的存在問題。這問題不能在這短文詳述。筆者要指出,在約翰筆下,以色列並非一個有千年國祚的宗教國家實體。耶穌亦沒有說祂會回來統治一個猶太國家。此外,不同時代的學者已指出,以色列國──先是神權政體,後在大衛王朝統治下成君主政體──是耶穌不斷洗淨,並會將之獻給父的那個永恆國度的預表(林前十五24-28)。
 
Gerard Van Groningen
 
參考書目:
 
F. F. Bruce, Israel and the Nation; L. A. De-Caro, Israel Today: Fulfillment of Prophecy; A. Gileadi, ed., Israel’s Apostasy and Restoration; W. Hendrikson, Israel in Prophecy; A. W. Kac, The Rebirth of the State of Israel; M. Karlberg, JETS 31/3 (1988): 257-69; G. E. Ladd, The Last Things; H. K. LaRondelle, The Israel of God in Prophecy; J.B. Payne, Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy; P. Richardson, Israel in the Apostolic Church; J. F. Walvoord, Israel in Prophecy; M. J. Wyngaarden, The Future of the Kingdom.

 

 

教會和以色列
THE CHURCH AND ISRAEL

作者: Michael Horton    唐興譯/誠之編校
本文首刊於「當代宗教改革」(Modern Reformation)雜誌總第33月號(May/June 1994
https://yimawusi.net/2021/03/06/michael-horton/
https://wscal.edu/resource-center/the-church-and-israel
 
預言家林西(Hal Lindsey)宣稱:「全部先知預言的中心就是以色列國。」1948514日,以色列再次獨立建國,林西寫到:「基於這個理由,我確信我們現在正處於希伯來先知所清楚和準確預言的一個特殊時代。因此,所有的先知預言,都要在這一代當中實現。」
The center of the entire prophetic forecast is the State of Israel," declares prophetic pontiff, Hal Lindsey. On May 14, 1948, Israel became a nation again and, writes Lindsey, "For this reason I am convinced that we are now in the unique time so clearly and precisely forecast by the Hebrew prophets. Thus, all the various prophecies will come to pass during this generation."
 
時代主義論者(Dispensationalists)認為,1948年以色列的復國,已經應驗了以西結書和但以理書所預言的,以色列未來的復興。這該怎麼說呢?難道這就是先知們心中所想的嗎?我們必須進一步追問:上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許是在猶太復國主義運動(Zionist movement)中應驗的,還是在耶穌基督的福音中應驗的?但是,我們首先要思考的是:1948年。
The Dispensationalists have maintained that the prophecies of Ezekiel and Daniel regarding a future restoration of Israel are fulfilled in the recreation of that state in 1948. What about this? Is that what the prophets had in mind? A further question must then be asked: Are the promises God made to Abraham fulfilled in the Zionist movement or in the Gospel of Jesus Christ? But first things first: 1948.
以西結的預言說到:「我要使雅各被擄的人歸回,要憐憫以色列全家,又為我的聖名發熱心。」(結卅九25)以西結預言之後55年,即主前530年,但以理也同樣地發出預言指出,現在被毀滅的以色列國在未來要得到恢復。在但以理事奉的時期,以色列國被瓦解,並且被擄到巴比倫。這兩位先知都在這樣悲慘的局勢中,向以色列百姓提供了盼望。100年之後,當尼希米和以斯拉被允許歸回重建耶路撒冷時,就應驗了這兩位先知所說的預言。城牆得重建,上帝的子民歸回,而他們雖然只是帝國的附庸國,但是巴比倫王傾其一切財寶來幫助耶路撒冷城的重建。這些都與預言完全吻合:上帝要將祂的百姓從被擄中帶回耶路撒冷。新的聖殿甚至是在波斯王的協助下才建造完成的。
Ezekiel prophesies, "I will now bring Jacob back from captivity and will have compassion on all the people of Israel, and I will be zealous for my holy name" (39:25). Daniel's prophecies are delivered in 530 BC, just fifty-five years after Ezekiel's and also point to a future restoration of a now destroyed nation of Israel. During Ezekiel's ministry, the nation is dismantled and carried off into Babylonian captivity and both prophets are offering the people hope in the midst of tragedy. One hundred years later, the promises made through these two prophets are fulfilled as Nehemiah and Ezra are allowed to return to rebuild Jerusalem with released exiles. The walls are rebuilt, God's people return, and although they are an imperial satellite, Babylon's rulers empty their own treasuries to assist in the rebuilding. This is all in line with the prediction that God will bring His people out of exile back to Jerusalem is finally fulfilled. A new temple is even built with the assistance of the Persian king.
 
這一切都在先知預言的一個世紀內得到了應驗:聖殿的重建,獻祭的更新,城市的重建,被擄的人重回家園。 1948年的復國,也不過如此。
All of this was fulfilled within a century of the prophecy. The temple was rebuilt, sacrifices were renewed, the city was rebuilt, and the exiles came home. So much for 1948.
 
當然,有些預言,例如但以理所做的預言,必須在尼希米帶領下的歸回重建之後才能得到應驗。其中一個例子就是四個國度的異象——巴比倫和瑪代·波斯帝國(兩個帝國在但以理有生之年就存在了),以及希臘(主前2世紀)和羅馬帝國(主前1世紀到主後1世紀)。所有這些世上的帝國都將衰頹;前面兩個是但以理親身經歷到的,後面兩個則是在主後1世紀才應驗的。這些地上帝國的壽命,都無法超越那一位將要來的君王的國度;祂將要把祂分散在各處的百姓(猶太人和外邦人)帶回家中:「我必立一牧人照管他們,牧養他們,就是我的僕人大衛。祂必牧養他們,作他們的牧人」(結卅四23)。在約翰福音第十章,當耶穌宣告祂自己為好牧人時,正應驗了這個預言。因此,以西結書中的預言,不是關於1948年的猶太復國主義運動(Jewish Zionism),而是關於主前440年的歸回重建,而且最終是關於作為大衛子孫的耶穌基督。
Of course, there are predictions made, by Daniel, for instance, which require fulfillment beyond the return under Nehemiah. One example is the vision of the four kingdoms--Babylon and Medo-Persia (two empires which existed during Daniel's own lifetime), and Greece (second century, BC) and Rome (first century, BC through first century AD). All of these world empires will collapse, two of which Daniel knew first-hand, while the latter two were fulfilled as late as the first century AD. These earthly empires would never outlast the empire of the coming One who will finally bring all of His scattered tribe (Jew and Gentile alike) home: "I will place over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will tend them; he will tend them and be their shepherd" (Ez 34:23). It was just this prophecy which Jesus proclaimed Himself to be fulfilling in His self-designation as the Good Shepherd in John chapter ten. Thus, Ezekiel is not about Jewish Zionism in 1948, but about the return of the exiles in 440 BC and ultimately about Jesus Christ as the Son of David.
 
那麼,聖殿被毀又怎麼說呢?新約聖經中不是預言聖殿和聖城最後要被拆毀嗎?確有此事。 「耶穌出了聖殿,正走的時候,門徒進前來,把殿宇指給他們看。耶穌對他們說:『你們不是看見這殿宇嗎?我實在告訴你們:將來在這裏,沒有一塊石頭留在石頭上不被拆毀了』」(太廿四1-2)。這段經文常被認為是指在我們時代中的應驗。然而,當門徒問到這個應驗的預兆時,耶穌說:「那時,人要把你們陷在患難裏,也要殺害你們。」這聽起來不就是耶穌正在預備他們,去面對一個即將來臨的應驗嗎?事實上,這個預言在主後70年,聖城被羅馬帝國破壞、猶太人和基督徒被殺害分散、聖殿被拆毀沒有留下一塊石頭時,就已經應驗了。羅馬皇帝宣稱他自己為神,坐在至聖所,這乃是應驗了但以理書中所預言的:「那行毀壞可憎的」(abomination of desolation)。多年以來,時代主義論者教導這事發生於大災難時期,這樣的解釋很難被接受。只要看一看主所說的:「你們看見先知但以理所說的『那行毀壞可憎的』站在聖地(讀這經的人須要會意)。那時,在猶太的,應當逃到山上…… 」。難道當初的聽眾不明白,耶穌是要預備他們,面對即將要發生的事嗎? 「當你們看見……站在聖地……。」
What about the destruction of the temple? Was it not predicted in the New Testament that there would be a final destruction of the temple and the city? Indeed, it was. "Jesus left the temple and was walking away when His disciples came up to Him to call His attention to its buildings. 'Do you see all these things?' He asked. 'I tell you the truth, not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down.'" This is often taken to refer to a fulfillment in our own lifetime, and yet, when the disciples wanted to know what the signs of this would be, He said, "You will be handed over to be persecuted and put to death." Doesn't it sound like Jesus was preparing them for an immediate fulfillment? The fact is, this was fulfilled in AD 70, when the city was destroyed by the Romans, Jews and Christians were slaughtered and scattered, and the temple was destroyed to the extent that "not one stone" was "left on another." The Roman emperor, proclaiming himself God, sat in the Holy of Holies, fulfilling the "abomination of desolation" predicted in Daniel. And if, after years of Dispensational teaching on the "abomination of desolation," taking place during the tribulation, it is difficult to accept this interpretation, just look at our Lord's own remark: "So when you see standing in the holy place 'the abomination that causes desolation,' spoken through the prophet Daniel--let the reader understand--then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains." Would the original audience not have clearly understood Jesus to be preparing them for events which were right around the corner? "So when you see standing in the holy place..."
 
因此,但以理和以西結的預言,不一定要在1948年,或任何其他與當前重大事件相吻合的時期才能應驗。
Therefore, the prophecies of Daniel and Ezekiel do not have to find their fulfillment in 1948 or in any other period which coincides with remarkable current events.
 
然而,第二個問題是我們更關注的核心問題:現代的以色列國和猶太復國主義運動,是否是上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許的應驗?傳統時代主義論認為,救恩計劃有一種「徹底的中斷」(radical discontinuity),儘管最近的修正已經淡化了這種看法。傳統時代主義論認為,上帝最終的計劃牽涉到以色列國;相對於上帝拯救以色列民族國家的主要使命,教會只是一個「括號」(薛福Chafer所提倡的觀念),有點像是一個腳註或旁枝(編按:只是一個插曲)。
The second question, however, is of more central concern: Is the modern state of Israel and Zionism in general the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham? Classical Dispensationalism presents to programs of salvation, though recent revisions have toned down on the radical discontinuity. In classical Dispensationalism, God's ultimate program involves the nation Israel. The Church is a "parenthesis" (Chafer), a sort of footnote or sidetrack in contrast to God's main mission to save ethnic, national Israel.
 
我們認為,這種觀念嚴重地誤解了上帝的計劃,以及聖經中清楚的教導。這樣做,等於是冒險給予現代猶太人一個虛假的盼望,提出一個不需要世界唯一救主作為中保的救恩計劃(至少在現世的事物上是如此)。如果你認為這是對此立場的一種諷刺,只要去參加每年在華盛頓首府地區所舉辦的,為以色列禱告的全國早餐禱告會(National Prayer Breakfast in Honor of Israel),就立見分曉。有一年我參加了,我還記得許多基要派的傳道人和發先知預言的「專家」,領導群聚一堂的猶太基督徒這樣地禱告說:「我們共同的天父——亞伯拉罕、以撒、雅各的神……」。如果現在有另一群基督徒在同一條街上,舉行基督徒和穆斯林教或基督徒和印度教的禱告會,這樣的禱告,基本上等於否認了基督的獨特性,以及祂的中保工作。但是,對這些人而言,猶太人很明顯地不需要福音,因為他們根本連福音都沒有提到。沒有一個禱告在結束時提到基督的名。
We believe that this position gravely misunderstands the plan of God and the clear teaching of the Scriptures. In so doing, it risks offering false hopes to modern Jews of a plan of redemption which, at least in temporal matters, does not require the mediation of the world's only Savior. If you think this is a caricature of the position, just attend the annual National Prayer Breakfast in Honor of Israel in Washington, DC. I did that one year and I remember fundamentalist preachers and prophecy "experts" leading the Jewish-Christian gathering in prayer "to our common Father--the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." Now, if another group of Christians down the street had a prayer service of Christians and Moslems or Christians and Hindus, it would be considered a basic denial of the uniqueness of Christ and His mediatorial work, but for these people, Jews evidently did not need the Gospel, for there was no reference to it even in passing. Not one prayer ended with the name of Christ.
 
使徒保羅會把這種教導稱為是加拉太教會的異端。 「正如『亞伯拉罕信上帝,這就算為他的義』。所以,你們要知道:那以信為本的人,就是亞伯拉罕的子孫。並且聖經既然預先看明,上帝要叫外邦人因信稱義,就早已傳福音給亞伯拉罕,說:『萬國都必因你得福。」可見那以信為本的人和有信心的亞伯拉罕一同得福。凡以行律法為本的,都是被咒詛的;因為經上記著:『凡不常照律法書上所記一切之事去行的,就被咒詛』」(加三6-10)。所以,沒有兩種不同的救恩計劃。猶太人和外邦人一樣,都是「被咒詛的」,唯有藉著信心,才能接近上帝、得著祂在基督裏的應許。認為上帝不是藉著基督,來實現祂對以色列民族的應許,這種觀念肯定是近乎異端了。
The Apostle Paul would call this the Galatian heresy. "Understand that those who believe are children of Abraham. The Scripture predicted that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: 'All nations will be blessed through you.' So those who have faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith. All who rely on observing the law are under a curse" (Gal 3:6-10). Thus, there are not two programs. Jews and Gentiles alike are "under a curse" and can only approach God and receive His promises by faith in Jesus Christ. To suggest that God is fulfilling promises to national Israel apart from Christ surely borders on heresy.
 
但是,上帝並非在履行對以色列國族(national Israel)的應許。發生於主後70年「那行毀壞可憎的」,實際上確實使聖殿荒涼了。儘管我們與世界上受逼迫的猶太人在他們的家園一同歡欣鼓舞,但1948年並不具有任何先知預言上的意義。
But God is not fulfilling promises to national Israel. The abomination that makes desolate in AD 70 did, in fact, make the temple desolate. While we rejoice with the persecuted Jews of the world in their homeland, there is no prophetic significance to the year 1948.
 
如果我們仔細查看上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許(創十二2-3),以及貫穿舊約聖經的許多警告,都提到得著應許之地的條件,在於以色列人的順服。然而,得著那最終應許之地的條件,則單單在於信心(by faith alone)。所以,舊約聖經裏的先祖們,並不像現代的時代主義論者,對這塊土地有這麼大的興趣。 「他(亞伯拉罕)因著信,就在所應許之地作客,好像在異地居住帳棚,與那同蒙一個應許的以撒、雅各一樣。因為他等候那座有根基的城,就是上帝所經營所建造的。因著信,連撒拉自己,雖然過了生育的歲數,還能懷孕,因她以為那應許她的是可信的。所以從一個仿佛已死的人就生出子孫,如同天上的星那樣眾多,海邊的沙那樣無數。這些人都是存著信心死的,並沒有得著所應許的」(來十一8-13)。什麼?他們並沒有得著所應許的?他們不就在那塊土地上,不是嗎?但是,聖經告訴我們,那不是最終極的應許。 「他們……承認自己在世上是客旅,是寄居的[甚至寄居在應許之地]。說這樣話的人是表明自己要找一個家鄉。他們若想念所離開的家鄉,還有可以回去的機會。他們卻羡慕一個更美的家鄉,就是在天上的。」(來十一14-16)。
If we look very carefully at the promises made to Abraham (Gn 12:2-3), and the many warnings which follow throughout the Old Testament, the promise of the land is conditional upon Israel's obedience. The promise of a final Promised Land and resting place, however, is by faith alone. Thus, the Old Testament patriarchs were not as interested in a plot of land as modern Dispensationalists. "By faith, Abraham made his home in the promised land like a stranger in a foreign country, for he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God. And so from this one man, and he as good as dead, came descendants as numerous as the stars of the sky. All these people were still living by faith when they died. They did not receive the things promised" (Heb 11:8-13). What? They didn't receive the things promised? They were in the land, weren't they? But the Bible says that this was not the ultimate promise. "They admitted they were strangers on earth [even in the promised land]. People who say such things who that they are looking for a country of their own." But they had a country of their own! "If they had been thinking of the country they had left, they would have had opportunity to return. Instead, they were looking for a better country--a heavenly one" (Heb 11:14-16).
 
所以,你們明白,上帝對亞伯拉罕的應許是在基督裏應驗的,並且傳給了所有因信而屬於基督的人。不管是猶太人還是外邦人,所有想要倚靠行為得著應許的人,都還在咒詛之下,並且,離開了彌賽亞,就沒有任何其他的應許,只有審判。
So, you see, the promises made to Abraham are fulfilled in Christ and passed along to all those who belong to Christ by faith. Whether Jew or Gentile, all who are relying on the works of the law are still under a curse and apart from the Messiah there is no promise of anything but judgment.
 
使徒保羅引用自己身為猶太人卻回轉歸向基督的經歷,這樣寫道:「我且說,上帝棄絕了祂的百姓嗎?斷乎沒有!」「如今也是這樣[並非未來的某一段時間],照著上帝揀選的恩典,還有所留的餘數。」(羅十一15)在現今的世代(今世),上帝把外邦人的枝子,接在以色列的枝子中,形成了一個單一的家族,其中「並不分猶太人、希臘人、自主的、為奴的,或男或女,因為你們在耶穌基督裏,都成為一了」(加三28)。
"I ask then: Did God reject His people? By no means!," writes the Apostle Paul, citing his own conversion to Christ as a Jew. "So too, at this present time (not some future time) there is a remnant chosen by grace" (Rom 11:1,5). In this present age, God is grafting in with Israel branches from alien, Gentile trees and forming one single family in which "there is neither Jew nor Gentile....For all are one in Christ" (Gal 3:28).

2021-02-07

 

「美國不是以色列」:有人敢說這是頭腦不清嗎?
None Dare Call It Confused: USA is Not Israel

作者:Scott Clark  誠之譯自:
https://heidelblog.net/2010/03/none-dare-call-it-confused-usa-is-not-israel/
https://www.facebook.com/peddrluo/posts/10159376487219653
 
顯然,基督教右派計劃在201051日,即2010年的勞工節開一場大會。按照2010年五一節網站(http://mayday2010.org/ 的說法,這場大會是「為一個陷於困境中的國家向上帝呼喊」。他們呼籲「愛神的各宗派基督教領袖要謙卑自己,禱告,尋求神的面,並轉離我們的惡行,無論個人還是國家」。在這方面,他們引用了《詩篇》一〇六篇44-45節:
Apparently the Christian right has planned an event for May 1, 2010—May Day 2010 (HT: Allan Bledsoe). According to the May Day 2010 site this event is “a cry to God for a nation in distress.” They call “Christian leaders of all denominations who love God to humble ourselves, pray, seek the face of God, and turn from our wicked ways—individually and as a nation.” In this context, they quote Psalm 106:44-45,
 
然而,祂聽見他們哀告的時候,就眷顧他們的急難,為他們記念祂的約,照祂豐盛的慈愛後悔。
But he took note of their distress when he heard their cry; for their sake he remembered his covenant and out of his great love he relented.
 
這個大會是以一個全國盟約的名義召開的。我有點驚訝,也感到失望,他們沒有引用歷代志下七章14節的內容,直到我在教會主日週報的夾頁裏才看到他們引用了:
The event is cast in terms of a national covenant. I was a little surprised and disappointed not to see a quotation from 2 Chron 7:14 until I looked at the bulletin insert (for churches):
 
這稱為我名下的子民,若是自卑、禱告,尋求我的面,轉離他們的惡行,我必從天上垂聽,赦免他們的罪,醫治他們的地。
“If My people who are called by My name will humble them-selves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin
 
這裏最大的難題是,雖然上帝在美國有祂的子民......但美國本身並不是「我名下的子民」。從耶穌被釘在十字架上的那一刻起,就再也不可能有另一群「我的子民」了。事實上,在一些重要的方面,早在十字架之前,以色列民就不是「我的子民」了。當耶穌降世的時候,祂就是上帝所立的「我的子民」。耶穌是「上帝的以色列」。自從以色列民之後,上帝就沒有和另一個民族立過約。
The great difficulty here is that while God has people in the USA the USA, as such is not “my people.” From the moment Jesus was nailed to the cross there could never be another “my people.” Indeed, in important ways, long before the cross national Israel was “not my people.” When he came, Jesus was God’s “my people.” Jesus is the Israel of God. There has been no covenant between God and a national people since national Israel.
 
話說回來,我是贊成禱告的。基督徒應該聚集在教會中禱告,改革宗基督徒聚集在教會中禱告是合適的。聖經中命令我們為那些在上有權柄的人禱告(提前二1-2),改革宗教會的做法也是如此。基督徒應該參與公民社會,設法在這個關乎道德、創造性的、自然法的領域中發揮影響力。他們應該呼籲執政掌權者履行維護公義的職責(羅十三),但我們要以順從的態度來呼籲(多三1)。
Now, I’m in favor of prayer. Christians should gather in congregations to pray and it is appropriate for Reformed Christians to gather in congregations to pray. We are commanded in Scripture to pray for those in authority over us (1 Tim 2:1-2) and it is the practice of Reformed congregations to do so. It is appropriate for Christians to be involved in civil society, to seek to bring to bear in that sphere the moral, creational, natural law. They ought to call on the magistrate to fulfill his duty to uphold righteousness (Rom 13) but we do so submissively (Titus 3:1).
 
基督徒擁有雙重公民身份。按照保羅的說法,我們是「天上的國民」(腓三20)。當然,我們在這裏也是公民,在這世上。我們的雙重公民身份意味著我們必須排定好我們各種忠誠的優先順序。我們必須作我們所生活的世俗政體的好公民,但很明顯,合乎聖經的順序是優先考慮我們的身份是天上的公民。我無法想像使徒會支持腓立比基督徒舉行大規模的示威,反對羅馬的獨裁統治。安靜地主張合法的權利,是的。保羅在要求一個公正審判的時候就這樣做了,這是他在羅馬法律下的權利。
We Christians have a dual citizenship. According to Paul, our “citizenship is in heaven” (Phil 3:20). Of course, we are also citizens here, in this world. Our dual citizenship means that we must prioritize our loyalties. We must be good citizens of the earthly polities in which we live but clearly, the biblical priority is upon our heavenly citizenship. I can’t imagine the Apostle countenancing a mass demonstration by Philippian Christians against the Roman dictatorship. The quiet assertion of legal rights, yes. Paul did so when he asked for a trial—which was his right under Roman law.
 
這裏的修飾詞「安靜地」很重要。安靜地生活不是寂靜主義(quietism),什麼都不作。在有人說我是虔誠主義者之前,要小心謹慎一些。上帝的話語這樣說道:
The modifier “quiet” is significant here. To live quietly is not quietism. Before anyone calls me a pietist, be careful. God’s Word says:
 
......又要立志做安靜人,辦自己的事」 (帖前四11
 
“…and to aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs” (1 Thess 4:11)
 
「我們靠主耶穌基督吩咐、勸戒這樣的人,要安靜做工,吃自己的飯。」(帖後三12)。
“…and to aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs” (1 Thess 4:11)
 
我可以想像有人會反對說:「但保羅在帖撒羅尼迦後書中只希望某一類人安靜」。的確,保羅是針對帖撒羅尼迦人中的一個具體問題,但他並不是只想讓他們安靜地生活。我們已經看到了這一點。所以我再回到提摩太前書二章12節的其餘部分。我們要為那些在我們之上有權柄的人禱告。
I can imagine someone objecting, “But Paul wants only a certain class of people to be quiet in 2 Thess.” True, Paul is addressing a specific problem among the Thessalonians, but it’s not as if he wants them only to live quietly. We’ve seen that already. So I go back to the rest of 1 Tim 2:12. We are to pray for those in authority over us
 
......使我們可以敬虔端正,平安無事的度日」(提前二2
“…that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.” (1 Tim 2:2)
 
換句話說,保羅的盼望是沒有人來管基督徒,讓我們在這世上活出我們的信仰,帶著「真實世界」(什麼,天堂不是「真實」的?希伯來書十一章說是!)的一切後果。沒錯,但我們的眼睛要注目那座城,它的建築師和建造者是上帝(來十一10)。我們的眼睛要專注於「永生上帝的城邑」(來十二22),因為「我們在這裏本沒有長存的城,乃是尋求那將來的城」(來十三14)。
In other words, Paul’s hope is that we Christians will be left alone to live out our faith, in this world, with “real-world” (what, heaven isn’t “real”? Hebrews 11 says it is!) consequences yes, but with our eyes fixed on that city whose architect and builder is God (Heb 11:10). Our eyes are to be focused on the “city of the living God” (Heb 12:22) because “here we have no lasting city, but we seek the city that is to come” (Heb 13:14).
 
是的,要為國家禱告,但要舉行大規模示威?五一節網站上說,這不是給媒體或政客看的?真是這樣嗎?從什麼時候開始,聚集在華盛頓的人,有誰不希望媒體或政客的關注?難怪人們會對教會抱著懷疑態度!在世人看來,這場集會如果不是為了爭奪權力和影響力,那就什麼都不是。如果這真的只是為了禱告,就不必在華盛頓聚集,而是在教會中安靜地聚集。是的,要為國家禱告,但不要把美國人民當成上帝的約民。我們不是。祂在這裏有約民,但祂給以色列國的應許已經應驗了。在出埃及記第二十四章3節,作為上帝的國民,以色列民起誓立約說:「耶和華所吩咐的,我們都必遵行。」 然後,根據聖經的記載,「摩西將血灑在百姓身上,說:『你看,這是立約的血,是耶和華按這一切話與你們立約的憑據』。」
Yes, pray for the nation but in mass demonstration? The May Day website says that this is not for the media or the politicians? Really? Since when did anyone gather in DC who did not want the attention of the media or the politicians? No wonder folks are cynical about the church! To the world this will look like nothing if not a grab for power and influence. If this was really and only about prayer there would not gathering in DC but rather there would be quiet gatherings in congregations. Yes, pray for the nation, but not as if Americans are God’s covenant people. We aren’t. He has covenant people here but national promises have been fulfilled. In Exodus 24, as God’s national people, Israel swore a covenant saying, “‘All the words that the LORD has spoken we will do.'” Then, according to Scripture, “Moses took the blood and threw it on the people and said, ‘Behold the blood of the covenant that the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these words.'”
 
你讀過大先知書嗎?你讀過小先知書嗎?你知道以色列的歷史嗎?以色列沒有遵守與耶和華立的約,但耶穌卻遵行了。祂為祂的父從永古以來賜給祂的所有子民遵守了律法的一切吩咐。這個國家需要的不是華盛頓特區的又一次禱告集會,而是在神聖的崇拜服事中真心的禱告,承認教會的罪,呼求教會的主的赦免。這些罪中最主要的是沒有考慮到上帝的聖潔律法是什麼,也沒有從律法中看到我們自己真正的光景。與這些罪相伴的是上帝話語僕人的罪,他們沒有傳講福音,也就是基督已經為祂的子民遵守了榮耀的律法,為他們受死,並且為他們復活了。
Have you read the major prophets? Have you read the minor prophets? Do you know the history of Israel? Israel did not keep her covenant with Yahweh, but Jesus did. He kept all the words of the law for all the people his Father gave to him from all eternity. What this country needs is not another prayer rally in DC but heartfelt prayer in divine services, confessing the sins of the church and calling out to the Lord of the church for forgiveness. Chief among those sins is failing to reckon with God’s holy law for what it is and for failing to see ourselves in light of that law for what we are. Concomitant with those sins is the sin of our ministers of failing to preach the gospel of Christ’s glorious law keeping, death, and resurrection for his people.


我們所宣講的救主將要在榮耀中降臨,是的,但現在還不是時候。我們所傳講的救主曾在降卑和苦難中降臨,但現在還不是勝利神學和榮耀神學的時刻,如今還為時尚早。當萬王之王帶著榮耀和權柄降臨的時候,我們就會知道那個時候到了。現在,我們所能提供給罪人的,就只有上帝的公義律法和祂絆腳跌人的石頭,即世人看為愚拙的福音:一位被釘在十字架上的救主,卻在第三天復活了。
The Savior we preach will come in glory, yes, but now is not that time. The Savior we preach came in humiliation and suffering. Now is not a time for a theology of triumph and glory. It’s too soon for that. We’ll know when that time is, when the King of the Nations comes in glory and power. Now all we have to offer to sinners is God’s righteous law and his stumbling-block foolishness, the gospel of a crucified Savior raised on the third day.

2018-11-06


舊約中的教會和以色列TheChurch and Israel in the Old Testament

作者:Iain Duguid  譯者:駱鴻銘

起初,上帝創造了亞當和夏娃成為一個敬拜的群體:祂要作他們的上帝,他們要作祂的子民。然而,人的墮落徹底破壞了彼此之間以及與上帝的團契相交,這種分裂在下一代當中,當該隱謀殺他的兄弟時進一步加深了。由該隱的世系所開展的遠離上帝的軌跡,最終成了在巴別(創十一)之假冒的崇拜群體。與此同時,由一群真正的敬拜者所組成的世系,從塞特一直延伸到亞伯蘭(亞伯拉罕)——上帝應許他,要使他成為一個大國,並透過他祝福地上的萬民(創十二13)。
In the beginning, God created Adam and Eve to be a worshipping community: He would be their God and they would be His people. The fall, however, shattered their fellowship with one another as well as with God, a division that was deepened even further in the next generation when Cain murdered his brother. The trajectory away from God begun by Cain’s line ended with a counterfeit worshipping community in Babel (Gen. 11). At the same time, a line of true worshippers ran through Seth to Abram—Abraham—whom God promised to make a great nation and through whom He promised to bless all nations of the earth (Gen. 12:1–3).

上帝應許亞伯拉罕的孫兒雅各,祂要使他的十二個兒子成為一個和諧的「萬民組成的群體(community of nations)」(創廿八3;和合本作:萬族),敬拜上帝,這個群體要其新名「以色列」而聞名。重要的是,這裏用於「群體」的希伯來文是qāhāl,其中舊約的希臘文譯本經常被譯為ekklēsia,「教會」。「崇拜群體」的這個目標,在以色列百姓出埃及之後、來到西奈山時達成了。在那裏,上帝宣佈以色列民是祂寶貴的產業,一個祭司的國度、聖潔的國度(出十九56)。耶和華應許要住在他們中間,作他們的上帝(出廿九45)。但是百姓在承諾與耶和華立約後不久,立刻就離棄了祂。當摩西在山頂接受耶和華的指示時,百姓卻在山腳下製造假神。從一開始就很清楚,「聖潔的國民」沒有能力堅守它的呼召。
God promised Abraham’s grandson Jacob that He would make his twelve sons into a harmonious worshipping “community of nations” (Gen. 28:3) that would be known by his new name, “Israel.” Significantly, the Hebrew word used here for “community” is qāhāl, which the Greek translation of the Old Testament often renders as ekklēsia, “church.” This goal of a worshipping community was reached after the exodus from Egypt when the people came to Mount Sinai. There God declared the Israelites to be His treasured possession, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Ex. 19:5–6). The Lord promised to dwell among them as their God (Ex. 29:45). But the people had no sooner committed themselves to this covenant relationship with the Lord than they abandoned Him. While Moses was at the top of the mountain receiving instruction from the Lord, the people were at the bottom fashioning false gods. It was clear from the outset that the “holy nation” had no power to live up to its calling.

眾先知向我們展示了以色列其餘的歷史:儘管上帝是信實的,但他們卻是敗壞和叛逆的兒女(賽一2),也是淫婦(何一~三)。這種不忠的傳統同樣屬於北國和南國:以色列和猶大是來自同一家族的兩個乖謬的姐妹(結十六、廿三),她們都將面對毀滅和被擄的懲罰(結四46)。耶和華不能住在這樣一群不聖潔的民中間。祂撇棄了祂在耶路撒冷所揀選的居所,讓祂的百姓接受他們巴比倫敵人的憐憫(結八~十一)。
The prophets unfold for us the rest of Israel’s history: in spite of God’s faithfulness to them, they were corrupt and rebellious children (Isa. 1:2) and an adulterous wife (Hos. 1–3). This heritage of unfaithfulness belonged equally to the northern and southern kingdoms: Israel and Judah were two twisted sisters from the same family (Ezek. 16; 23) who would each face the punishment of destruction and exile (Ezek. 4:4–6). The Lord could not dwell in the midst of such an unholy people. He abandoned His chosen dwelling place in Jerusalem, leaving His people at the mercy of their Babylonian enemies (Ezek. 8–11).

然而,被擄以色列民的毀滅,不會是故事的結尾。因為耶和華已經將祂的名字附加在以色列身上,因此以色列必須得到復興,以免祂的聖名在列國中被褻瀆(結廿14)。在西奈山所作的應許必須被應驗(耶卅三2021),因此以色列和猶大這兩個國家會被耶和華恢復成為一個單一的、重新聯合的身體,由以色列所有支派組成(耶卅一1),接受一位君王的統治(結卅七1622)。最重要的應許是將以色列民會有一個屬靈的轉變,成為一群新的百姓,在一個新約(耶卅一3133)之下,他們反應遲鈍的心會被上帝的靈澆灌而成為新心(結卅六2228)。新以色列民將成為耶和華的僕人,成為外邦人的光,為萬民帶來醫治(賽四二610)。然而,以賽亞書四十~四十八章所描述的新以色列,仍然是一個不斷掙扎和軟弱的人,他們需要不斷的勸勉,以追求順服;也需要鼓勵,以信靠相信上帝對他們的慈愛。為了成全上帝的旨意,需要另一個更好的以色列人,一個願意代替以色列民的僕人,祂要做以色列無法做的事,履行她的呼召,把光帶給萬民(賽四九6)。
Yet the destruction of Israel in the exile could not be the end of the story. Because the Lord had attached His name to Israel, the nation would have to be restored lest His holy name be profaned among the nations (Ezek. 20:14). The promises made at Mount Sinai had to be fulfilled (Jer. 33:20–21), so the two nations of Israel and Judah would be restored by the Lord into a single, reunited body made up of all of the clans of Israel (Jer. 31:1) under a single king (Ezek. 37:16–22). The most important promise was the spiritual transformation of Israel into a new people whose unresponsive hearts would be changed into new hearts under a new covenant (Jer. 31:31–33) by an outpouring of God’s Spirit (Ezek. 36:22–28). The new Israel would become the Lord’s servant, a light for the Gentiles, bringing healing to all nations (Isa. 42:6, 10). However, the new Israel depicted in Isaiah 40–48 continued to be a struggling and weak people who needed constant exhortation to pursue obedience as well as encouragement to trust in God’s faithful love for them. To fulfill God’s purposes, another, better Israel would be required, a servant who would take Israel’s place, doing what Israel was unable to do, fulfilling her calling to bring light to the nations (Isa. 49:6).

這個僕人「以色列」藉著耶穌基督的位格取了肉身。從祂出生的那一刻起,祂就重演了以色列的歷史,祂下到埃及,以便祂可以成為上帝從埃及召出來的真正的兒子(太二15,引用何十一11)。正如以色列人渡過紅海一樣,耶穌也經過洗禮之水(太三),然後被帶到曠野,在那裏祂成功地面對以色列民未能忍受的同樣試探(太四)。在祂傳道的一開始,耶穌就大聲朗誦以賽亞書六十一章12節,宣告聖經在祂的聽眾面前已經應驗了(路四1819):祂自己就是上帝應許的僕人,上帝的靈在祂身上。作為新以色列人,耶穌完全滿足了律法的要求。耶利米預言的新約是藉著祂的血所立的(路廿二20)。耶穌應驗了上帝對人的聖潔的原始計劃,從而親自體現了眾先知所尋找的新以色列。
This servant “Israel” took flesh in the person of Jesus Christ. From the moment of His birth, He reenacted Israel’s history, going down to Egypt so that He could be the true son whom God called out of Egypt (Matt. 2:15, quoting Hos. 11:1). Just as Israel passed through the Red Sea, Jesus passed through the waters of baptism (Matt. 3) before being led out into the wilderness, where He successfully faced the same temptations that Israel had failed to endure (Matt. 4). At the beginning of His ministry, Jesus read aloud Isaiah 61:1–2, declaring that the Scripture had been fulfilled in His hearers’ presence (Luke 4:18–19): He was Himself the promised Servant upon whom God’s Spirit rested. As the new Israel, Jesus perfectly fulfilled the demands of the law. The new covenant that Jeremiah anticipated was established in His blood (Luke 22:20). Jesus fulfilled God’s original design for human holiness, thereby personally embodying the new Israel for which the prophets looked.

既然耶穌基督自己就是新以色列人,那些憑著信心與祂聯合的人,也被併入到上帝的以色列民裏(加六16)。祂是真葡萄樹,以色列經典的舊約形象,我們是祂的枝子(約十五)。因為基督是上帝家的活石,那些與祂聯合的人在那房裏也成為活石(彼前二45),並且可以用舊約中描述以色列的相同術語來描述:在基督裏,我們是「被揀選的族類,君尊的祭司,聖潔的國民」(彼前二910)。
Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel, all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16). He is the true vine, the classic Old Testament image for Israel, and we are His branches (John 15). Because Christ is the living cornerstone of God’s house, those who are joined to Him become living stones in that house (1 Peter 2:4–5) and can be described by the same terminology that described Israel in the Old Testament: in Christ, we are “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation” (1 Peter 2:9–10).

因此,作為新約的一部分,以色列不是亞伯拉罕血緣的後裔,而是分享了亞伯拉罕的悔改和信心(路三8)。上帝的新百姓包括猶太人和外邦人(加三28),因為他們都被嫁接到新的橄欖樹、基督/以色列身上(羅十一1724)。這並不是說,上帝已經忘記了祂對亞伯拉罕血緣後裔的應許(羅十一1)。當然不是。但並非所有從以色列生的,都是新以色列的一部分(羅九6)。眾先知所應許的以色列的復興,是當福音傳到耶路撒冷、猶太(南國)、撒瑪利亞(北國)和地極之後完成的,上帝的光要藉此傳給外邦人(徒一8)。
Being part of this new covenant Israel is, thus, not a matter of physical descent from Abraham, but rather sharing Abraham’s repentance and faith (Luke 3:8). The new people of God includes Jews and Gentiles together (Gal 3:28), as both are grafted into the new olive tree, Christ/ Israel (Rom. 11:17–24). That does not mean that God has forgotten His promises to those physically descended from Abraham (Rom. 11:1). Certainly not. But not everyone who is descended physically from Israel is part of the new Israel (Rom. 9:6). The restoration of Israel promised in the prophets is accomplished as the gospel is preached to Jerusalem and Judea (the southern kingdom), Samaria (the northern kingdom), and to the ends of the earth, thereby finally bringing God’s light to the Gentiles (Acts 1:8).

在啟示錄中,約翰聽到神的百姓被描述為是由十四萬四千人組成的群體,由以色列的十二個支派構成(啟七48)。然而,當他再次觀望時,他發現同一群百姓是來自萬族萬民,沒有人能數得過來(啟七912)。耶和華的新婦,用於舊約中的以色列的形象,就是教會,有一天會永遠不再被她的罪所玷污,而是為了她的丈夫裝飾整齊(啟廿一2)。在那一日,上帝對以色列最初的目的和計劃——有一群屬祂自己的統一的、聖潔的子民——最終將在基督與祂教會的婚姻中得到應驗。
In the book of Revelation, John heard God’s people described as a group of 144,000 made up of the twelve tribes of Israel (Rev. 7:4–8). Yet when he looked again, he discovered that the same group was an innumerable crowd from every tribe and nation (Rev. 7:9–12). The Lord’s bride, the image used in the Old Testament for Israel, is the church and will one day be defiled by her sin no longer but beautifully adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2). In that day, God’s original purpose and plan for Israel—to have a united, holy people belonging to Himself—will finally be fulfilled in the marriage of Christ and His church.


Dr. Iain Duguid is professor of Old Testament at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia and founding pastor of Christ Presbyterian Church in Glenside, Pa. He is author of Is Jesus in the Old Testament?

2018-03-24


教会和以色列The Church and Israel: The Issue

作者:Cornelis Venema翻译:  骆鸿铭

在整个基督教会的历史中,以色列在上帝救赎计划中的地位,一直是非常重要的议题。在现代历史里,随着时代论作为一种流行的末世论观点而出现,还有以色列在1948年的复国,因此,上帝对以色列的计划这个神学问题,也变得益形迫切。在犹太人的大屠杀,即纳粹在二战中想要消灭欧洲所有的犹太人之后,教会和以色列之间的关系也受到一种反犹主义的可悲现实所牵连。许多人宣称,这种反犹主义是所有基督教神学的主张,因为所有的基督教神学都坚持无论是犹太人或外邦人,基督这条唯一的道路而得救。
Throughout the history of the Christian church, the question of Israel’s place within God’s redemptive purposes has been of special importance. In modern history, with the emergence of dispensationalism as a popular eschatological viewpoint and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, the theological question of God’s intention for Israel has become even more pressing. After the Holocaust, the Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews throughout Europe during World War II, the issue of the relation between the church and Israel has also been affected anew by the sad reality of anti- Semitism, which some allege belongs to any Christian theology that insists upon one way of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ, whether for Jews or Gentiles.

为了导正这个关键议题的讨论,我们必须对今日教会内对这个问题的主要几种代表性看法有清楚的认识。这些看法不仅说明了这个问题的重要性,也说明了几个立场广泛的差异。
In order to orient the discussion of this critical issue, we need to begin with a clear understanding of the major views on this question that are represented today within the church. These views illustrate not only the importance of the question, but the wide diversity of positions.

一、前千禧年时代论:上帝对以色列的特殊计划
PREMILLENNIAL DISPENSATIONALISM: GOD’S SPECIAL PURPOSE FOR ISRAEL

虽然前千禧年时代论在基督教神学的历史上是相当新的看法,但是它的立场,即上帝对以色列有一个特殊的计划,却塑造了、甚至主宰了近代福音派基督徒对教会和以色列之间的关系的辩论。
Although premillennial dispensationalism is a relatively new viewpoint in the history of Christian theology, its position on God’s special purpose for Israel has shaped, even dominated, recent debates among evangelical Christians on the relationship between the church and Israel.

「古典时代论」主张,上帝有两群独特的百姓:一群地上的百姓,以色列;以及一群天上的百姓,教会。根据这种时代论的看法,上帝乃是透过七个连续的时代(dispensations)或救赎的安排(redemptive economies),来施行救赎的历史过程。在每个时代中,上帝都透过启示祂独特的旨意,来测验人。在这七个时代中,最重要的三个时代是律法时代,福音时代,以及国度时代。虽然在这篇短文中,我们不可能描绘这些时代所有的特色,但是最重要的是时代论的坚持,是上帝对祂在地上的百姓,有一个分开的、不同的计划,上帝是以各自不同、独特的方式来对待他们的。在当前的时代,即教会时代中,上帝已然暂时地「悬置」(suspended)祂对以色列的特殊计划,而把祂的注意力转向教会,也就是透过对列国宣讲耶稣基督的福音来召聚外邦信徒。不过,当基督回来,在大灾难的七年时期之前,「提取」教会时,祂会恢复上帝对以色列的特殊规划。这个大灾难时期只是一个序奏,会开启未来在地上的千年国度时代。对时代论来说,这个千年国度会标记出一个时期,在这个时期中,上帝对祂地上的百姓(以色列)的应许会得到一个特殊的、字面上的应验。只有到这个千禧年国度时代的末了,基督才会最终征服祂所有的敌人,引进最后的状态。
In classic dispensationalism, God has two distinct peoples: an earthly people, Israel, and a heavenly people, the church. According to dispensationalism, God administers the course of the history of redemption by means of seven successive dispensations or redemptive economies. During each dispensation, God tests human beings by a distinct revelation of His will. Among these seven dispensations, the three most important are the dispensation of law, the dispensation of the gospel, and the dispensation of the kingdom. While it is not possible in a short essay like this to describe all the distinctives of these dispensations, what is important is dispensationalism’s insistence that God has a separate purpose and a distinct manner of dealing with His earthly people, Israel. During the present era, the dispensation of the church, God has “suspended” His special purposes for Israel and turned His attention, in a manner of speaking, to the gathering of the Gentile peoples through the proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ to all the nations. However, when Christ returns at any moment to “rapture” the church prior to a seven-year period of great tribulation, He will resume God’s special program for Israel. This tribulation period will be a prelude to the commencement of the future dispensation of a one thousand-year kingdom upon the earth. For dispensationalism, the millennium marks the period during which God’s promises to Israel, His earthly people, will receive a distinct, literal fulfillment. Only at the end of the dispensation of the millennial kingdom will Christ finally vanquish all of His enemies and introduce the final state.

虽然时代论承认所有的人,无论是犹太人或外邦人,都是因信唯一的中保耶稣基督而得救的,但是它主张以色列和教会在上帝的计划里有清楚而永恒的区别。旧约的应许并未透过从地上的万族召聚耶稣基督的教会而得着应验。这些应许乃是给一个地上的、独特的民族,以色列的;而且这些应许只会以一种字面的方式,在国度时代得着应验,而这个国度时代是紧跟着目前这个福音时代之后到来的。
Though dispensationalism acknowledges that all people, whether Jews or Gentiles, are saved by faith in the one Mediator, Jesus Christ, it maintains a clear and permanent distinction between Israel and the church within the purposes of God. The promises of the Old Testament are not fulfilled through the gathering of the church of Jesus Christ from among all the peoples of the earth. These promises are given to an earthly, ethnically distinct people, Israel, and they will be fulfilled in a literal manner only during the dispensation of the kingdom that follows the present dispensation of the gospel.

二、传统改革宗看法:上帝的同一群百姓
THE TRADITIONAL REFORMED VIEW: ONE PEOPLE OF GOD

时代论把上帝的百姓截然分成两个群体:以色列和教会。在这点上,历史性的改革宗神学和时代论的看法形成了强烈的对比。改革宗神学坚持上帝在整个历史中的救赎计划是统一的。当亚当这个人,作为与上帝的盟约中的元首和代表堕入罪中时,所有的人都受到了咒诅和死亡(罗五12-21)。因着亚当的罪,以及罪对整个人类所具有的意涵,所有的人都要受到律法的咒诅,并且承继了犯罪堕落的本性。
Contrary to dispensationalism’s sharp demarcation between God’s two peoples, Israel and the church, historic Reformed theology insists on the unity of God’s redemptive program throughout history. When Adam, the covenant head and representative of the human race, fell into sin, all human beings as his posterity became liable to condemnation and death (Rom. 5:12–21). By virtue of Adam’s sin and its implications for the entire human race, all people became subject to the curse of the law and heirs of a sinfully corrupt nature.

根据传统改革宗对圣经的诠释,上帝在亚当堕落之后,便启动了「恩典之约」,以便让祂的选民恢复与祂的团契相交。虽然恩典之约在救赎历史中,有各种不同的施行方法,但是它的本质始终是不变的——从正式与亚伯拉罕立约,直到在时候满足,基督降生时为止。在恩典之约里的各种不同的施行方法中,上帝都是通过选民信靠耶稣基督,即恩典之约唯一的中保,来救赎祂的百姓。所有的选民都借着信靠基督而领受永生的恩赐,并恢复与永生上帝的相交(见伯克富,系统神学,293-95)。
According to the traditional Reformed interpretation of Scripture, God initiated the covenant of grace after the fall in order to restore His chosen people to communion and fellowship with Himself. While the covenant of grace is administered diversely throughout the course of the history of redemption, it remains one in substance from the time of its formal ratification with Abraham until the coming of Christ in the fullness of time. In all of the various administrations of the covenant of grace, God redeems His people through faith in Jesus Christ, the one Mediator of the covenant of grace, through whom believers receive the gift of eternal life and restored communion with the living God (see Berkhof, Systematic Theology, pp. 293–5).

因此,在改革宗对救赎历史的认识里,以色列和教会是不会永远分离的。上帝正式认可恩典之约时,对亚伯拉罕所作的应许(创121517)——亦即他要成为多国的父,以及地上的万族都要在他的「后裔」里得福——都在耶稣基督里得着了应验。在恩典之约里所应许给亚伯拉罕的那位后裔,就是耶稣基督,那「真以色列」,而所有借着信心与祂联合的人,都会成为圣约应许的后嗣(加三1629)。在改革宗神学的观点里,耶稣基督的福音直接为所有的信徒,无论是犹太人或外邦人,成全了恩典之约的应许。以色列和教会并不是两群不同的百姓,反而,教会是上帝真正的以色列,是「被拣选的族类,是有君尊的祭司,是圣洁的国度,是属神的子民」(彼前二9)。(译按:彼得把旧约对以色列百姓的称呼,直接套用在教会上。这是以色列和教会是同一个群体的很好的证明。
In the Reformed understanding of the history of redemption, therefore, there is no ultimate separation between Israel and the church. The promise God made to Abraham in the formal ratification of the covenant of grace (Gen. 12; 15; 17), namely, that he would be the father of many nations and that in his “seed” all the families of the earth would be blessed, finds its fulfillment in Jesus Christ. The seed promised to Abraham in the covenant of grace is Jesus Christ, the true Israel, and all who through faith are united to Him and, thus, heirs of the covenant promises (Gal. 3:16, 29). In the Reformed view, the gospel of Jesus Christ directly fulfills the promises of the covenant of grace for all believers, whether Jews or Gentiles. Israel and the church are not two distinct peoples; rather, the church is the true Israel of God, “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession” (1 Peter 2:9).

三、「两约」神学
TWO-COVENANT THEOLOGY

对以色列和教会的议题所作的反思在近代历史上出现了一个新的、更极端的立场。这个立场经常和一个人的名字连在一起那就是Franz Rosenzweig。他是一位犹太作家在第一次世界大战后写了一本书书名是《救赎之星》The Star of Redemption。「两约神学」的教导是:圣经里有两个独立的约,一个约是上帝和以色列立的,另一个约是上帝和耶稣基督的教会立的。与其说对犹太信徒和外邦信徒一样,都只有一条透过相信耶稣基督的救赎之路,这个观念认为,上帝与以色列百姓所拥有的原始的圣约关系,与祂和借着主耶稣基督和外邦人建立的新的圣约的关系,是截然不同、完全分离的。
In the recent history of reflection upon the issue of Israel and the church, a new and more radical position has emerged. Often linked with the name of Franz Rosenzweig, a Jewish author of a work written shortly after World War I entitled The Star of Redemption, two-covenant theology teaches that there are two separate covenants, one between God and Israel and the other between God and the church of Jesus Christ. Rather than there being one way of redemption through faith in Jesus Christ for Jew and Gentile believers alike, God’s original covenant relationship with His ancestral people, Israel, remains separate from His new covenant relationship with the Gentile nations through the Lord Jesus Christ.

在二战后的处境里,对基督教会内所遗留下的对反犹主义的关注,使得「两约神学」在主流的基督新教教会内,变得越来越受欢迎。即使在罗马天主教会内,有些神学家也诉诸第二次梵蒂冈会议和教皇约翰保禄二世的Redemptoris Missio (1991)的宣告。这两个宣告都提倡基督徒和犹太人进行对话,以便阻挠不断向犹太人传福音的努力。在两约神学的观点中,基督徒有关基督的位格和工作的信仰告白,即基督是唯一的中保或救赎主的告白,只有在上帝与教会立的约的这个骨架里,才算是真理。然而,既然上帝和以色列所立的约是另一个不同的约,而这个约并没有在耶稣基督的降生当中得着应验,基督徒就不应当把上帝与教会所立的约的条件强加在以色列身上。
Within the setting of a post-World War II concern over the legacy of anti-Semitism in the Christian church, the two-covenant-theology position has become increasingly popular among many mainline Protestant churches. Even within the Roman Catholic Church, some theologians have appealed to the pronouncements of the Second Vatican Council and Pope John Paul II’s Redemptoris Missio (1991), which advocate dialogue between Christians and Jews, in order to oppose continued efforts to evangelize Jews. In the two-covenant viewpoint, the Christian confession regarding the person and work of Christ as the only Mediator or Redeemer holds true within the framework of God’s covenant with the church. However, since God’s covenant with Israel is a separate covenant, which is not fulfilled in the coming of Jesus Christ in the fullness of time, Christians may not impose upon Israel the terms of God’s covenant with the church.

四、极端的替代神学
EXTREME REPLACEMENT THEOLOGY

最后一个有关以色列和教会的议题的立场是需要我们加以批注的我们姑且称之为「极端替代神学」。虽然时代论者坚持说传统的改革宗神学肯定上帝的百姓只有一群是由犹太信徒和外邦信徒所组成的是一种「替代」神学的形式但是改革宗神学并不认为福音「取代」了上帝与以色列古老的圣约治理covenant economy),而是「应验」了这个治理。极端替代神学的教导是:因为许多犹太人不承认耶稣基督是应许的弥赛亚,上帝就用外邦人教会取代了以色列。耶稣基督的福音呼召世上的万国和民族相信和悔改,但是福音否认上帝对救赎祂古老的百姓,以色列,还有特别的关注。既然教会是真正的、属灵的以色列,探讨上帝对以色列的得救是否还有特殊的意念这个议题,就不再有必要的。
The final position on the issue of Israel and the church that requires comment is what we might term “extreme replacement theology.” While dispensationalists often insist that the traditional Reformed affirmation of one people of God comprised of Jewish and Gentile believers in Christ is a form of “replacement” theology, the Reformed view does not regard the gospel as “replacing” the older covenant economy with Israel but “fulfilling” it. Extreme replacement theology is the teaching that, because many of the Jews did not acknowledge Jesus Christ to be the Messiah of promise, God replaced Israel with the Gentile church. The gospel of Jesus Christ calls all nations and peoples to faith and repentance, but it leaves no room for any particular focus upon God’s redemptive purpose for His ancestral people, Israel. Because the church is the true, spiritual Israel, any peculiar focus upon the question of God’s saving intention for Israel is no longer permitted.

极端替代神学乃是代表两约神学立场的另一个极端。与其说上帝和以色列之间有一个独特的圣约关系,而且这个关系会在耶稣基督降生、对万国宣讲福音之后仍会继续存在,替代神学的主张是:上帝对以色列的计划和兴趣已经完全终止了。
Extreme replacement theology represents the opposite end of the spectrum from the two-covenant position. Rather than speaking of a distinct covenant relationship between God and Israel that continues even after the coming of Christ and the proclamation of the gospel to the nations, replacement theology maintains that God’s program for and interest in Israel has ended.

结论
CONCLUSION

在以色列和教会的这个议题上有如此众多不同的立场,证明了这个题目的重要性。上帝是否对以色列和教会有不同的、分开的目的和救赎规划呢?还是耶稣基督的福音应验了、成全了上帝要从各族、各民、各方、各国当中,无论是犹太人还是外邦人,召聚一群百姓,进入一个普世的大家庭呢?当使徒保罗在罗马书第一章宣告,福音是「上帝的大能,要救一切相信的,先是犹太人,后是希腊人」(罗一6),他是在宣告所有相信耶稣基督的人,只有一种得救之路。然而他也同时肯定,这条得救之路并没有取代或替代上帝救赎犹太人的目的,而是成全这个目的。有关以色列和教会这个持续进行的辩论,需要维护使徒的这个平衡,不要分开以色列和教会,也不要用教会来取代以色列。
The diversity among these various positions on the issue of Israel and the church testifies to the importance of this issue. Does God have a separate purpose and redemptive program for Israel and the church? Or, does the gospel of Jesus Christ fulfill God’s purpose to gather a people from every tribe, tongue, and nation, Jews and Gentiles alike, into one worldwide family? When the Apostle Paul declares in Romans 1 that the gospel is the “power of God unto salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Gentile” (Rom. 1:16), he declares that there is one way of salvation for all who believe in Jesus Christ. Yet he simultaneously affirms that this salvation does not displace or supersede God’s redemptive purpose for the Jews but, rather, fulfills it. The ongoing debate about Israel and the church needs to maintain the Apostle’s balance, neither separating Israel and the church nor displacing Israel with the church.